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Pharmacology > Reproductive and Urinary Systems > Flashcards

Reproductive and Urinary Systems Flashcards

1
Q

What does sexually dimorphic mean?

A

Being physically distinct e.g. males and females are physically distinct.

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2
Q

Sexual development is programmed in…

A

The genome

XY / XX

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3
Q

What does gonads mean?

A

The reproductive organs

E.g. males - testes contain sperm

E.g. females - ovaries contain eggs

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4
Q

Testosterone is…

A

A potent androgen

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5
Q

Where is testosterone synthesised?

A

Males - leydig cells of the testes

Females and males - adrenal cortex

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6
Q

What other androgens are synthesised within the adrenal cortex? (Both sexes)

A

DHEA (dehydroepiandrosterone)

Androstenedione (weak androgens)

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7
Q

Development of pubic / body hair is due to…

A

DHEA

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8
Q

What does testosterone metabolise into in males?

A

Dihydrotestosterone (active metabolite)

Regulated by enzyme 5a - reductase

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9
Q

Another product of metabolism of testosterone that affects women:

A

Estradiol

Regulated by Aromatase

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10
Q

Is the process of synthesis of steroid hormones the same in both men and women?

A

Yes but there are different factors that stimulate the processes.

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11
Q

Role of testosterone in males: (4)

A
  • increased growth of body hair
  • thickening of skin
  • muscle growth, widening of shoulders
  • thickening of the vocal cords
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12
Q

Where does DHT (activated) bind to?

Where do they go after?

A

Cytoplasmic androgen receptors - promoting release of heat shock protein.

Then migrated to nucleus and binds to specific regions of DNA that contain androgen response elements (ARE) .

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13
Q

What happens to testosterone levels through life?

A

Hormone levels unchanged until puberty

Then maintained through adult life and declined in old age

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14
Q

Hormonal control of male reproduction are secreted by: (3)

A

Hypothalamus

Testes

Anterior pituitary gland

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15
Q

Which organ is responsible for regulating hormone production in both males and females?

A

Hypothalamus

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16
Q

What happens when there is an internal / environmental stimuli to the hypothalamus?

A

It will trigger GhRH to be released activated anterior pituitary leading to LH and FSH being released, which leads to gamete production.

17
Q

Ovary produces..

A

female sex hormones and female germ cells.

18
Q

Females are born with a fixed number of..

A

follicles in the ovaries

19
Q

How long is the ovarian cycle in women?

A

28 days

20
Q

What 2 phases make up the ovarian cycle?

A

Follicular phase

Luteal phase

21
Q

What hormone regulates the Follicular phase?

A

FSH

22
Q

Explain the Follicular phase (3)

A

FSH stimulates follicles in ovaries to mature.

oestrogen released which stimulates pituitary gland to release LH.

Increase in LH causes ovulation.

23
Q

What happens to the remaining cells of graafian follicle in ovaries?

What about if no fertilisation?

A

Will turn into corpus luteum which releases oestrogen but mainly progesterone which a signal to pituitary gland to not be active.

Level of progesterone decreases which stimulates process to happen again - stimulates pituitary gland to produce FSH.

24
Q

What is menses?

A

shredding of the uterus lining.

25
Q

Progesterone helps build up…

A

uterus lining once again.

26
Q

What is the theca?

A

Located below the surface epithelium and is under the influence of LH to synthesise androgens.

27
Q

What is the Granulosa cells?

A

Under the influence of FSH, releases AMH hormone.

28
Q

Main steroid hormones in women..

A

Estrogens C18 (Granulosa cells)

29
Q

What other steroid hormones may be present and when?

A

Estrone E1 - post menopause

Estirol E3 - in pregnancy

30
Q

Name 2 other types of steroid hormones:

Where are they produced?

A

Progestagens C21 (Corpus luteum) e.g. progesterone

Androgens C19 (Theca) e.g. testosterone.

31
Q

The actions of estrogen are mediated by…

A

The estrogen receptor (ER) which binds to DNA and controls gene expression.

32
Q

What does the estrogen:ER complex do?

A

Binds to specific DNA sequences called a hormone response element to activate the transcription of target genes.

33
Q

Why are estrogens important? (4)

A
  • for maturation of germ cells
  • development and regulation of female reproductive system
  • maintaining pregnancy
  • anabolic effects on bone and cartilage.
34
Q

What age does menopause occur?

A

45-55 years

35
Q

Why does menopause happen?

A

Ovaries fail to respond to FSH, number of remaining follicles decrease.

36
Q

What increases during menopause?

A

LH and FSH - to try to compensate low estrogen level; hot flushes.

37
Q

What does progestin do in the presence of oral contraceptives? (2)

A

Causes thinning of the endometrium which prevents implantation of a fertilised egg.

Thickens the mucus in the cervix, preventing sperm from reaching eggs.

38
Q

What do Estrogen and progestin do in the presence of oral contraceptives?

A

Prevent eggs from being released from the ovaries.

Pharmacology (11 decks)

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