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Pharmacology > Immune System 1 > Flashcards

Immune System 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Immune system is..

A

The whole of the cells dedicated to the defence collectively.

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2
Q

An immunogen is…

A

A molecule that stimulates the immune system to produce a response

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3
Q

Antigen is…

A

The part of the immunogen that reacts with immune effector cells or soluble antibodies.

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4
Q

An epitope is…

A

The part of the antigen that reacts with immune effector cells or soluble antibodies.

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5
Q

4 main types of pathogens

A

Bacteria
Viruses
Fungi
Parasites

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6
Q

Two types of parasites

A

Protozoa and warms

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7
Q

Components of immune system : (4)

A

WBC
RBC
plasma
Platelets

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8
Q

Where are blood cells produced?

A

In the bone marrow

Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell

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9
Q

Brief process of Haematopoiesis (3)

A
  • pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell produces a common lymphoid progenitor
  • produces B cell, T cells and Nk Cells which are then activated.
  • B cell becomes plasma cells
    T cells become activated
    NK become activated
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10
Q

Antigen presenting cells (4)

A
  • monocytes
  • macrophages
  • dendritic cells
  • mast cells
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11
Q

Granulocytes (3)

A
  • neutrophil
  • eosinophil
  • basophil
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12
Q

Function of

Macrophages and Neutrophils

A

Phagocytosis and activation of bactericidal mechanisms

Macrophage - antigen presentation

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13
Q

Function of

Dendritic cells

A

Antigen presentation

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14
Q

Function of

Eosinophil

A

Killing of antibody coated parasites

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15
Q

Function of

Basophil

A

Promotion of allergic responses and augmentation of anti-parasitic immunity

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16
Q

Function of

Mast cell

A

Release of granules containing histamine and active agents

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17
Q

How do we class lymphoid cells?

A

Small lymphocytes - B cells and T cells

Large lymphocytes - NK cells

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18
Q

Role of NK cells

A

Kills cells infected with viruses

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19
Q

Role of small lymphocytes

A

Production go antibodies (B cells) or cytotoxic and helper functions (T cells)

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20
Q

Role of plasma cell

A

Fully differentiated form of B cell that secretes antibodies

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21
Q

60% of cells in immune system are…

A

Granulocytes

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22
Q

7% of cells in immune are…

33% of cells in immune are..

A

7% monocytes

33% lymphocyte

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23
Q

Where can immune cells be found?

A

Lymphoid organs

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24
Q

Primary lymphoid organs … (2)

A

Bone marrow

Thymus

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25
Q

Secondary lymphoid organs… (6)

A

Spleen

Adenoids

Tonsils

Appendix

Lymph nodes

Peyer’s patches

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26
Q

Describe bone marrow

A

Soft spongy, highly cellular tissue that fills the internal cavity of bones

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27
Q

What originates and matures in the bone marrow?

On the contrary…

A

B cells originate and mature in bone marrow

T cells originate but leave at an immature stage

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28
Q

Where is thymus located?

A

Just above the heart

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29
Q

What cells migrate into thymus? And why?

A

Immature T cells migrate in thymus to complete their maturation

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30
Q

After T cells go to the thymus and differentiate, where do they go?

A

From the cortex into the medulla.

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31
Q

Do any immune responses happen in the primary lymphoid tissues?

A

Lymphocytes are only produced and matured here.

No immune responses happen.

32
Q

What could happen in the secondary lymphoid tissue?

A

Immune response

33
Q

Lymph nodes lie…

A

At the junctions of a network of lymphatic vessels

34
Q

Lymphatic vessels originate in…

A

The connective tissues throughout the body where they collect the plasma fluid that continually leaks out from blood vessels.

35
Q

What is the plasma fluid called that leaks out from the blood vessels?

A

Lymph

36
Q

How does the lymph return to the blood vessels after leaking?

A

Via the thoracic duct

37
Q

How do lymphocytes arrive into the lymph nodes?

How do they leave?

A

From the afferent lymphatic vessels

Leave the same way if no pathogens present

38
Q

What happens if the lymphocytes grow in number in the lymph node?

A

The lymph node increases in size - this is why people may have swollen glands.

39
Q

What happens in the lymph nodes if there is a pathogen?

A

Pathogens are drained in lymph nodes from the afferent lymphatic vessels where they are trapped by dendritic cells and macrophages

B & T cells meet the pathogen and are activated, undergo clinal expansion and differentiation.

40
Q

What’s another secondary lymphoid tissue?

A

MALT

mucosa assosciated lymphoid tissue

41
Q

2 types of immunity

A

Innate immunity

Adaptive immunity

42
Q

Features of innate immunity (4)

A

Rapid response

No memory

Limited specificity

Constant during response

43
Q

Features of adaptive immunity (4)

A

Slow response

Memory

Highly specific

Improve during response (don’t stay constant like in innate)

44
Q

Cells involved in innate immunity

A

Granulocytes

Neutrophils, eosinophil, basophil, monocytes, NK cells

45
Q

Cells involved in adaptive immunity

A

B cells and T cells

46
Q

What 2 cell types can we not classify as being part of innate / adaptive immunity?

A

Macrophages

Dendritic cells

Act as a bridge and can be a part of both types of immunity

47
Q

Phases of immune response (3)

A

Immediate innate immune response 0-4 hours

Induced innate immune response
4hrs - 4 days

Adaptive immune response
4 days until defeat

48
Q

Innate immune response is made up of… (3)

A

Barriers

Antimicrobial peptides

Complement system

49
Q

3 types of barriers:

With Example for each

A

Mechanical - epithelial cells joined by tight junctions

Chemical - salivary enzymes (lysozyme)

Microbiological - normal flora on skin in gut

50
Q

Anti-microbial peptides (4)

A

Defensins

Cathelicidins

Histatins

Lectins

51
Q

What is the most important anti microbial peptide and why?

A

Defensins because they have action against all of pathogens.

52
Q

What is a complement system?

A

A group of nearly 30 serum and membrane proteins - act in an orderly sequence.

53
Q

Roles of complement system:

A

Opsonisation - they can bind to bacteria allowing them to be phagocytosed by cells with complement receptors ‘by making them more tasty’

54
Q

2 different pathways of complement system:

A

Classical Pathway

Alternative Pathway

55
Q

Describe the classical pathway:

A

It is both antibody dependent and independent.

56
Q

What do we mean by antibody dependent or independent?

A

Can bind to an antigen directly

or

can bind to an antibody which has already binded to an antigen

57
Q

Describe the alternative pathway:

A

Classical pathway dependent and completely independent.

58
Q

Most important opsonin in alternative pathway:

A

C3b opsonin

59
Q

Most important opsonin in classical pathway:

A

C4b opsonin

60
Q

How to inactivate the complement system? (2)

A

Using EGTA which blocks calcium - calcium drives the system.

  • 56 degrees heating
61
Q

Why would we want to inactivate the complement system?

A

During transplants because they cause transplant rejection.

62
Q

Roles of the complement system: (3)

A
  • some products activate B cells
  • some small fragments recruit phagocytes to the site and regulate the inflammatory response.
  • opsoning bacteria
63
Q

What happens during the induced innate immune response? (4)

A
  • phagocytosis
  • cytokines production and inflammation
  • toll like receptors activation
  • NK
64
Q

What type of cells do phagocytosis? (2)

A

Neutrophils

Mononuclear phagocytes (monocytes and macrophages)

65
Q

Differences between neutrophils and mononuclear phagocytes? (2)

A
  • neutrophils are shorter lived unlike mononuclear

- mononuclear are also antigen presenting

66
Q

What happens in engulfment?

A

Engulfment - after a particle is bound to phagocyte receptors, forms a phagosome that encloses the particle. This then fuses with a lysosomal granite.

67
Q

The efficiency of phagocytosis is greatly enhanced when..

A

the microbe is coated with opsonin proteins which the phagocytes express high affinity receptors.

68
Q

How does killing/degradation of pathogens occur? (2)

A

Reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species derived from NO.

or by lysosomal enzymes.

69
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Low molecules weight proteins secreted by cells that stimulate or inhibit the activity, proliferation or differentiations of other cells.

70
Q

How many cytokines are there?

A

Around 20

71
Q

Subgroups of cytokines: (4)

A

interferons

lymphokines

interleukins

chemokine

72
Q

Some cytokines are mediators and regulators of innate immunity…

where are they produced?

A
  • by monocular phagocytes in response to infectious agents.
73
Q

Some cytokines are mediators and regulators of adaptive immunity…

where are they produced?

A
  • by T lymphocytes in response to specific recognition of foreign antigens
74
Q

Some cytokines are stimulators of haematopoiesis

where are they produced?

A
  • by bone marrow stroll cells, leukocytes and other cells and stimulate the growth and differentiation of immature leukocytes.
75
Q

Cytokines produced by macrophages do 2 things…

A

IL-1, IL-6, TNF induce fever to decrease bacterial/viral replication

Induce a state of inflammation at the site of the infection.

76
Q

Features of inflammation (3)

A

vasodilation

increased vascular permeability

leucocyte migration

77
Q

What is the aim of inflammation?

A

To bring immune cells in the location of the infection.

Pharmacology (11 decks)

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