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Pharmacology > Hemaptopoietic System > Flashcards

Hemaptopoietic System Flashcards

1
Q

What is blood?

A

A fluid connective tissue constituting about 7% of our total body weight.

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2
Q

Functions of blood: (3)

A

Transports various substances

Helps regulate several life processes

Protection against diseases

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3
Q

Components of blood

what makes up to 55% of blood?

A

Plasma

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4
Q

What is plasma made up of?

A

92% water, 7% plasma proteins and 1% hormones, organic nutrients, metabolic waste etc

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5
Q

Normal plasma volume..

A

40 ml per kg

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6
Q

Components of blood

what makes up to 45% of blood?

A

Erythroytes (RBC) 30 ml per kg body weight

Leukocytes (WBC)
Platelets 1-2% volume

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7
Q

Hematocrit is…

A

the ratio of red blood cells to plasma.

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8
Q

How can white blood cells be divided into? (5)

A

Lymphocytes

Monocytes

Neurtrophils

Eosinophils

Basophils

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9
Q

What do red blood cells / Erythrocytes look like? (4)

A

Shape of a biconcave disk and measure about 7-8 um in diameter

lack ucleus

their cystol contains haemoglobin

consist of a plasma membrane, cytosol and haemoglobin

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10
Q

Life span of Erythrocytes ?

A

120 days

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11
Q

Functions of RBC? (2)

A
  • transport respiratory gases

- hematopoiesis

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12
Q

Structure of Haemoglobin:

A

Composed of 4 protein global chains

2 alpha chains and 2 beta chains

Each heme group contains an iron atom in the centre

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13
Q

Can Erythrocytes change shape?

A

Yes depends on the environment.

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14
Q

Erythrocytes put in a hypertonic medium…

A

shrink, creates a spiky surfaced

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15
Q

Erythrocytes put in a hypotonic medium…

A

swell and lose their disk shape

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16
Q

What does sickle cell disease do to Erythrocytes ?

A

Causes them to change shape

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17
Q

What are less mature Erythrocytes called?

A

Reticulocytes

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18
Q

When are Erythrocytes considered Reticulocytes?

A

When they are released from the bone marrow for 2 days.

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19
Q

Characteristics of Reticulocytes: (2)

A
  • contain residual ribonucleoprotein particles which impart a bluish hue to the cell.
  • 1-2% of red cells.
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20
Q

What are Leukocytes?

A

WBC’s

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21
Q

What are Granulocytes? Examples (3)

A

WBC containing bacteria-combating granules

Neutrophil
Eosinophil
Basophil

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22
Q

What are Agranulocytes?

Examples (2)

A

Containing no granules

Lymphocyte
Monocyte

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23
Q

Describe Neutrophils:

Give the half life in blood and life span

A
  • one of the largest 12-15 um and most numerous in an adult
  • 50-75% of them, about 2-5% are band forms

Half life 6-8 hours
1-4 day life span

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24
Q

What do Neutrophils look like?

A
  • they stain pink or purple

- promenant nucelus segmented into 2-5 lobes joined by a nuclear strand.

25
Q

Functions of Neutrophils

A

They are the first line of defence against micro-organims e.g. bacteria.

They are active phagocytes.

26
Q

How do Neutrophils / Phagocytes work? (3)

A

Chemically attract microbe
engulf

build phagosome (digestive enzymes present)

eliminate waste products (exocytosis)

27
Q

Describe Eosinophils: (3)

A
  • about same size as neutrophil
  • cytoplasm has orange granules that contains a dense filamentous core of major basic protein (MBP)
  • matrix of granules contains lyosomal enzymes
28
Q

How much eosinophils in the blood?

A

1-3%

29
Q

What does the Eosinophil’s MBP do?

A

Can kill parasitic worms

30
Q

Describe Basophils:

How much in the blood?

A

9-10 um size

nucleus containing 2-3 lobes which are often difficult to see because of the large, darks training granules

blood contains 0.5-1% basophils

31
Q

What do Basophil granules contain? (5)

A 
High concentrations of 
Heparin
Histamin
Leukotriens
Serotonin
Chemotacitc factor
32
Q

Basophils mediate…

A

hypersensitivity reaction by binding to IgE antibody.

33
Q

Describe Monocytes:

How much in blood?

A

12-15 um
spend about a week in the blood and migrate into tissue where they become tissue macrophages

largest cells in the blood
3-8% in peripheral blood

34
Q

Life span of Monocytes?

A

5-8 days

35
Q

What do Monocytes look like?

A

Large kidney shaped nucleus

Pale cytoplasm

May contain fine granules, free ribosomes

36
Q

What do Monocytes do?

A

They ingest and remove tissue debris and infectious agents.

37
Q

Describe Lymphocytes

A

6-12 um

Have 80% T cells, 15% B cells, 5% NK cells

38
Q

What do Lymphocytes look like?

A

Single, deeply stained spherical nucleus surrounded by a thin rim of cytoplasm.

39
Q

What are Thrombocytes?

A

Platelets

40
Q

What do Thrombocytes look like?

A

Non nucleated flat, round or disk shaped 2-5 um.

Help us stop bleeding, involved in hemostasis

41
Q

Life span of Thrombocytes?

A

7-10 days

42
Q

What is Thrombopoietin?

A

Deficiency of platelets - results in bruising and bleeding.

43
Q

Where are thrombocytes derived from?

A

bone marrow - megakaryocytes.

44
Q

What are megakaryocytes?

A

Giant cells with multiple copies of DNA in the nucleus.

45
Q

What do activated platelets look like?

A

Spiky outer surface and adhere to each other - clumping.

46
Q

What is bone marrow?

A

A soft tissue that fills the hollow centre of bones - specialises in production of all the formed elements of blood.

25% are RBC
75% are WBC

47
Q

What is the most rapidly replicating tissue in the body?

A

Bone marrow

48
Q

What is hematopoiesis?

A

when blood cells are rented to maintain appropriate circulating levels.

49
Q

What are hematopoietic tissue?

A

Tissues which actively or potentially produce blood cells.

50
Q

2 examples of hematopoietic tissue:

A

Myeloid - identified as ‘red marrow’ of bones, involved in producing RBC and WBC.

Lymphoid tissues - elements of the larger lymphatic system. proliferation of lymphocytes.

51
Q

All blood cells come from…

A

Multipotential hematopoietic stem cell (hemocytoblast)

52
Q

The development of erythrocytes is regulated by…

A

the hormone

ERYTHROPROTEIN

53
Q

3 Steps of blood clotting:

A

Vasoconstriction
- constriction of damaged and lower of blood pressure to slow down flow of blood

Temporary clot

Coagualtion

54
Q

Hemostasis is…

A

blood clot formation process.

55
Q

Blood clot formation:

A
  • exposed collagen (in damaged blood vessel wall) binds and activates platlets
  • release of platelet factors
  • factors attract more platelets
  • platelets aggregate into platelet plug
56
Q

What blood types are there?

A 
Types
A
B
AB
O
57
Q

What plasma antibodies do A B AB and O blood types contain?

A

A - B only
B - A only
AB - neither
O - both

58
Q

What is the Rh factor?

A

A protein which can either be + or - in blood types. Blood types are inherited.

Pharmacology (11 decks)

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