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Chiro Essentials Physiology > Reproductive and Respiratory Review > Flashcards

Reproductive and Respiratory Review Flashcards

1
Q

Spermatoza are produced where? Stimulated by what hormone secreted by what cells?

A

Seminiferous tubules

Testosterone - Interstitial cells of Leydig

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2
Q

Testosterone is secreted in response to what hormone?

A

Lutenizing hormone

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3
Q

Where are sertoli cells found?

A

Seminiferous tubules

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4
Q

Sustentacular cells of Sertoli are under the influence of what hormone?

A

Follicle stimulating hormone

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5
Q

Does a higher temperature increase or decrease spermatogenesis?

A

Decrease

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6
Q

Where do sperm mature?

A

Epididymis

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7
Q

What do sperm feed on produced by the seminal vesicles?

A

Fructose

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8
Q

What is capacitation? What membrane protein helps with penetration of the egg? What helps capacitation occur in the female genital tract?

A

Transforming sperm to have the capacity to penetrate the corona radiata of the ovum
Hyaluronidase
Low pH and acid from lactobacilli

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9
Q

How many oocytes are present at birth? How many become secondary oocytes?

A

> 2 million

400-500

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10
Q

The reproductive period is under the stimulation of what hormone? Via a negative feedback loop with what hormone?

A

FSH

Estrogen

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11
Q

The empty follicle becomes what after ovulation? Via what hormone in a negative feedback loop with what hormone?

A

Corpus luteum
LH
Progesterone

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12
Q

How long does the sperm and the ovum live in the female?

A

Ovum 24 hrs

Sperm 48 hrs

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13
Q

Describe the proliferative or follicular phase of the menstrual cycle?

A

After menstruation residual basal layer of endometrium regenerates via estrogen influence from the ovarian follicles under stimulation of FSH

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14
Q

Describe the ovulation phase of the menstrual cycle?

A

Day 14 from 1st day of menstruation Graafian follicle matures and migrates to periphery of ovary to release ovum covered by layer of follicular cells under stimulation of pre-ovulatory surge of LH associated w/0.5-1oF rise in temperature to progesterone

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15
Q

Describe the secretory or luteal phase of the menstrual cycle?

A

Empty ovarian follicles become corpus luteum which secrete estrogen and begin to secrete progesterone under stimulation of LH which regenerates uterine endometrium to become secretory in anticipation of implantation of fertilized ovum

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16
Q

Describe the menstrual phase of the menstrual cycle?

A

If no fertilization ~day 26 corpus luteum dies (albicans) and level of progesterone drops causing spiral arteries to spasm leading to ischemia and death of endometrium which is shed as menstrual blood

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17
Q

Most common part where fertilization occurs?

A

Ampulla of uterine tube

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18
Q

The zygote travel down and develops into the morula at what day? Blastocyst?

A

Day 3

Day 5

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19
Q

What day does implantation occur and where is most common?

A

Day 7

Posterior aspec of upper part of uterine cavity

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20
Q

The embryoblast develops an inner cell mass which becomes the embryo and differentiates into an outer lyer which becomes the? Innr layer becomes the? The layer between becomes the?

A

Ectoderm
Endoderm
Mesoderm

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21
Q

The outer cell mass of the embryoblast becomes?

A

The Trophoblast

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22
Q

The outer layer of the outer cell mass on implantation becomes the? Which secretes what? Which has what function?

A

Syncytiotrophoblast - BHCG - maintains hormonal activity of corpus luteum during early tages of pregnancy

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23
Q

The synctiotrophoblast erodes endometrial cells allowing maternal blood to seep in and out of what ?

A

Vascular lacunae

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24
Q

The inner cell layer on implantation becomes what? Which develops cellular projection to form? Which develop into?

A

Cytotrophoblast - chorionic villi - placenta

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25
Q 
The placenta secretes different hormones which do what?
Estrogen
Progesterone
Relaxin
Human Chorionic Somatomammotropin
A

Estrogen: uterine growth, increased uterine vascularity, proliferation of ducts in the mammary gland
Progesterone: prepares endometrium for implantation, inhibits uterine contraction, T lymphocyte mediated activity, preps breast acini for lactation
Relaxin: relaxes pelvic ligaments and softens cervix at time of delivery
Human Chorionic Somatomammotropin: partial developement of breast, decreases insulin sensitivity, promotes growth of protein tissue

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26
Q

Milk synthesis is dependent on what hormones?

A

Prolactin, cortisol, insulin

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27
Q

Function of oxytocin in lactation?

A

From posterior pituitary lobe from stim of nipple causing myoepithelial cells to contract causing milk let-down reflex

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28
Q

Ventilation deals with the volume of gas delivered by the lungs. Describe
Boyle’s law
Charles’ law

A

Boyle’s: temperature is constant volume of a fixed amount of gas is inversely proportional to Pressure
Charles’: when presure is constant, volume of fixed amount of gas is directly proportional to absolute temperature

29
Q

Perfusion

A

Amount of blood delivered by heart to lungs

30
Q

Diffusion deals with amount of gas that passes through the air-blood barrier. The air-blood barrier is made of?

A

capillary endothelium, basement membrane, Type I pneumocytes

31
Q

What cells produce surfactant?

A

Type II pneumocytes

32
Q

Where are Type II pneumocytes found?

A

Alveoli

33
Q

The rate of diffusion is governed by Fick’s law which is?

A

Diffusion through a membrane is inversely proportional to the thickness of a membrane

34
Q

The ventilation/perfusion ratio

A

4L/5L pulmonary blood flow = 0.8

35
Q

Va/Q is highest where? Lowest?

A 
Apex = 3
Base = 0.6
36
Q

Ventilation is highest where? Perfusion is greatest where?

A

Apex-wasted ventilation

Base-wasted perfusion

37
Q

97% of the oxygen in blood is carried by?

A

Hemoglobin

38
Q

Describe the make up of hemoglobin

A

2a and 2B subunites held by covalent bonds

each subunit has a heme groub binding oxgen

39
Q

Describe the O2 dissociation curve

A

Simoid in shape

40
Q

What are the four factors that cause a shift to the right in the O2 dissociation curve?

A

acidosis (decreased pH)
CO2 increae
Temperature increase
2,3-DPG

41
Q

Oxygen-Bohr effect

A

Increased CO2 and decreaed pH cause oxyhemoglobin to release

42
Q

How is CO2 transported in the blood?

A

Bicarbonate, carbaminohemoglobin, dissolved in plasma

43
Q

Chloride shift

A

bicarb produced is transported from RBC into plasma and Cl- is brought into the cell

44
Q

Haldane effect

A

High levels of O2 in lungs displace CO2 from binding on hemoglobin

45
Q

Does hemoglobin have a higher affinity for CO or O2?

A

CO

46
Q

Normal arterial pCO2?

A

40 mmHg

47
Q

What gas is the major determinant of breathing?

A

CO2

48
Q

What area in the brain stem affect depth of breathing?

A

Dorsal (inspiratory) and ventral (expiratory) centers in medulla

49
Q

What area in the brain stem being stimulated results in shallow and rapid respirations?

A

Pneumotaxic center in upper pons inhibits inspiratory center –> decrease depth of inspiration

50
Q

Which area of the brain stem increases duration of diaphragmatic contraction and decreases the rate of breathing?

A

Apneustic center in the lower pons stimulates inspiratory center

51
Q

Can CO2 freely cross the BBB and enter the CSF?

A

Yesj

52
Q

How does the medulla know if there is too much CO2 in the blood?

A

CO2 diffuses into CSF and combines with H2O to form H2CO3 which dissociates to form H+ and HCO3-

53
Q

Where are chemoreceptors located?

A

In carotid body and adjacent to aortic arch

54
Q

Chemoreceptors are stimulated by?

A

First decreased PaO2 <60 mmHg then decreased arterial pH and raised PaCO2

55
Q

Cheyne-Stokes breathing

A

Period of rapid breathing with increasing then decreasing tidal volume followed by a period of apnea as seen in CHF

56
Q

Kussmaul breathing

A

Deep rapid regular breathing (air hunger) as seen in diabetic ketoacidosis

57
Q

Biot’s respiration

A

Bouts of irregularly breathing and apnea as seen in brainstem compression

58
Q

Hering-Breur reflex

A

Stretch receptors in smooth muscle in the airways with afferents via vagus and efferents via phrenic nerve limit over inflation of the lung

59
Q

Lung compliance is a measure of?

A

lungs and chest wall to distend or expand

Change in lung volume caused by a given change in respiratory pressure C=V/P

60
Q

What influences lung compliance?

A

Elastic fibers, water content, surfactant in lungs
Inversely related to amount of elastic tissue
Directly proportional to force needed to expand chest

61
Q

In emphysema the loss of elasticity increases or decreases lung compliance?

A

Increases lung compliance as lungs over-expand

62
Q

Pulmonary fibrosis, atelectasis, pulmonary edema increase or decrease lung compliance?

A

Decrease

63
Q

Ankylosing spondylitis increases or decreases the ability of the chest wall to expand?

A

Decrease

64
Q

Kyphoscoliosis will increase or decrease the ability of the chest wall to expand?

A

Decrease

65
Q 
Lung volume, describe, number in mL/%
Total lung capacity
Inspiratory reserve volume
Expiratory reserve volume
Residual volume
Vital capacity
Tidal volume
Inspiratory capacity
Functional residual capacity
Forced expiratory volume
A

Total lung capacity: total volume held in lungs, 5800 mL
Inspiratory reserve volume: volume inspired above tidal volume - 3000 mL
Expiratory reserve volume: volume expired after normal breath - 1100 mL
Residual volume: lung volume left after maximal expiration - 1200 mL
Vital capacity: volume expired after maximal inspiration 4600 mL
Tidal volume: volume of a normal breath 500 mL
Inspiratory capacity: 3500 mL
Functional residual capacity: air left in lungs after normal expiration 3300mL
Forced expiratory volume: volume expired after 1s/FVC 80%

66
Q

What volumes do you add together to get the inspiratory capacity?

A

Tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume

67
Q

What volumes do you add together to get the functional residual capacity?

A

Expiratory reserve volume and residual volume

68
Q

The vital capacity is made of what volumes?

A

Tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, and expiratory reserve volume

69
Q

The total lung capacity can be calculated with which volumes?

A

Vital capacity and residual volume

Chiro Essentials Physiology (5 decks)

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