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Chiro Essentials Physiology > Endocrine and Immunity Review > Flashcards

Endocrine and Immunity Review Flashcards

1
Q

The pituitary gland is in a negative feedback loop with what structure?

A

Hypothalamus

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2
Q

Anterior lobe of the pituitary is also called the?

A

Adenohypophysis

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3
Q

Basophilic cells in the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) secrete which hormones?

A

FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH

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4
Q

Acidophilic cells in the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) secrete which hormones?

A

GH, prolactin

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5
Q

FSH is released from the anterior pituitary with stimulation from what hormone?

A

Gonadotropin releasing hormone

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6
Q

LH is released from the anterior pituitary with stimulation from what hormone?

A

Gonadotropin releasing hormone

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7
Q

ACTH is released from the anterior pituitary with stimulation from what hormone?

A

Corticotropin releasing homone

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8
Q

TSH is released from the anterior pituitary with stimulation from what hormone?

A

Thyrotropin releasing hormone

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9
Q

GH is released from the anterior pituitary with stimulation from what hormone?

A

Growth hormone releasing hormone

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10
Q

FSH function

A

Stimulates follicles in ovaries to produce etrogen and sertoli cells for spermatogenesis

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11
Q

LH function

A

Stimulates ovulation and production of progesterone in the ovary, and interstitial cells of Leydig in the testis to produce testosterone

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12
Q

ACTH function

A

Governs synthesis of cortisol and pregnenolone in adrenal cortex

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13
Q

Increases in ACTH are seen in what pathology?

A

Cushing’s syndrome

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14
Q

TSH functions

A

Stimulates thyroid to produce thyroxine

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15
Q

Increases in thyroxine leads to what pathology? Decreases?

A

Hyperthyroidism (thyrotoxicosis)

Hypothyroidism (myxedema)

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16
Q

GH funtions

A

Stimulates bone and tissue growth through somatomedins A-C

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17
Q

Increases in GH lead to what pathology? Decreases?

A

Gigantism/acromegaly

Pituitary dwarfism

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18
Q

Prolactin release is affected by what hormones?

A

Prolactin Inhibiting Factor (dopamine), and TRH

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19
Q

Prolactin functions

A

Breast development and milk production

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20
Q

The posterior pituitary lobe is also called?

A

Neurohypophysis

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21
Q

What two hormones are stored in the posterior pituitary?

A

Oxytocin and ADH

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22
Q

Oxytocin is secreted by?

A

Paraventricular nucleus in hypothalamus

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23
Q

Oxytocin functions

A

Stimulates contraction of uterine muscle and myoepithelial cells in breast milk ejection and maternal bonding

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24
Q

How is oxytocin released?

A

Nipple stimulation

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25
Q

ADH is secreted by?

A

Supraoptic nucleus of hypothalamus

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26
Q

Function of ADH?

A

Prevents water from being excreted in urine (diuresis)

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27
Q

What stimulates ADH release?

A

Water deprivation

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28
Q

Lack of ADH leads to what?

A

Diabetes insipidus - polyuria/polydypsia

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29
Q

The pars intermedia of the pituitary secretes what hormone?

A

Melanin stimulating hormone

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30
Q

Melanin stimulating hormone function?

A

Production of melanin by melanocytes in skin

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31
Q

MSH is produced from what precursor?

A

Pro-opio-melano-cortin

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32
Q

Under the stimulation of TSH, iodine combines with tyrosine and binds to thyroglobulin to form?

A

Mono-iodo-tyrosine

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33
Q

2 molecules of mono-iodo-tyrosine form?

A

Di-iodo-tyrosine

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34
Q

2 molecules of di-iodo tyrosine form?

A

T4

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35
Q

1 di-iodo-tyrosine + 1 mono forms?

A

T3 (active)

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36
Q

Graves disease symptoms?

A

Exopthalmos, weight loss, tremors

37
Q

Symptoms of hypothyroidism in children? Adults?

A

Cretinism

Myxedema - weight gain, coarse hair, decreased metabolism

38
Q

Parafollicular cells in the thyroid secrete what hormone?

A

Calcitonin

39
Q

Calcitonin function

A

Puts calcium back in the bones, minor role in calcium metabolism

40
Q

PTH is secreted by which cell in the parathyroid glands?

A

Chief cells

41
Q

PTH functions?

A

Takes calcium from bone and puts it into blood, increases calcium reabsorption in kidney by acting on receptors in cells in distal convoluted tubules, increase calcium absorption in gut

42
Q

Hypocalcemia causes and symptoms?

A

Hypoparathyroidism

Tetany, muscle spasm

43
Q

Hypercalcemia causes and symptoms?

A

Hyperparathyroidism

Weakness

44
Q

Three layers of adrenal cortex from superficial to deep? What do they secrete?

A

Zona glomerulosa - aldosterone
Zona fasiculata - cortisol
Zona reticularis - pregnenolone

45
Q

Aldosterone function:

A

Regulate Na+ reabsorption from distal convoluted tubule –> water retention and increase blood pressure

46
Q

Aldosterone is under the influence of what hormone?

A

Renin

47
Q

Excess aldosterone is seen in what pathology and causes what symptoms?

A

Primary hyperaldosteronism (Conn’s syndrome) - high Na+, hypertension, low K+

48
Q

Cortisol regulates the metabolism of fat, CHO, proteins how?

A

Increase lipogenesis via adipocyte lipoprotein lipase
increase glycogenesis by + glycogen synthetase
increase gluoconeogenesis via increased protein breakdown

49
Q

Cortisol increases or decreases bone formation?

A

Decreases resulting in osteoporosis by increasing osteoclastic activity

50
Q

Does cortisol enhance or suppres inflammation?

A

Suppress via inhibition of phospholipase A2 activity

51
Q

Pregnenolone secreted by the zona reticularis changes into what hormone from which estrogen, progesterone and testosterone are derived?

A

Androsteinone

52
Q

Destruction of the adenal cortex causes what pathology? What symptoms?

A

Addison’s disease

Weight loss, low blood pressure, bronzing of skin

53
Q

What is the innervation of the adrenal medulla?

A

Preganglionic sympathetic splanchnic fibers through the celiac ganglion

54
Q

Nor-epinephrine is produced from? Derived from?

A

Tyrosine

Phenylalanine

55
Q

How is norepinephrine removed?

A

Reuptake @synaptic cleft, destroyed by mono-amine oxidase inhibitors

56
Q

Increased secretion of norepinephrine seen in pheocromocytoma causes what?

A

Perspiration, heart palpitations, paroxysms of hypertension and pressure headaches

57
Q

Where are the endocrine cells found in the pancreas?

A

Islets of Langerhans

58
Q

Insulin is secreted by what type of cell in the pancreas?

A

Beta cells

59
Q

Where is are the different GLUT transporters found?

A

1: erythrocytes and brain
2: liver and beta islet cells
3: neurons
4: skeletal muscle and adipose tissue

60
Q

Decreased insulin secretios condition and symptoms?

A

Diabetes Mellitus

Polyuria, polydypsia, polyphagia, pruritus

61
Q

Glucagon is secreted by what cells in the pancreas?

A

Alpha cells

62
Q

Glucagon is released when blood glucose levels are low or high?

A

Low

63
Q

Somatostatin is secreted by which cells in the pancreas?

A

Delta cells

64
Q

Somatostatin is secreted by which cells in the stomach?

A

D cells

65
Q

Somatostatin is secreted by which cells in the hypothalamus?

A

D cells

66
Q

Somatostatin AKA Growth hormone inhibitory hormone inhibit which hormones?

A

GH, renin, insulin, gastrin, glucagon

67
Q

Innate immunity barriers

A

Skin, GI, repiratory tract, genitourinary epithelium (mechanical)
Acid pH in stomach and vagina (Chemical)

68
Q

Innate immunity complement system

A

Opsonization: opsonins to bacteria, phagocytic cells attach (C3b and C4b)
Inflammation: activation of mast cells in anaphylaxis (C3a, C4a, C5a)
Lysis: formation of membrane attack complex (C5b6789(
Chemotaxis: attract specific white blood cells to area of damage (C5a)
Agglutination: change surface of invading bacteria make them sticky
Neutralization: toxic sites on surface of antigen

69
Q

Acquired immunity involves the production of what from lymphocytes in response to foreign antigens/haptens?

A

Antibodie

70
Q

Acquired immunity subtypes (2):

A

Humoral (antibody)

Cell-mediated (No antibodies)

71
Q

Immunologically privileged tissues?

A

Brain, eye, testis, fetus

72
Q

B lymphocytes are involved in which acquired immunity and what do they do?

A

Humoral immunity - make antibodies in form of immunoglobulins

73
Q

T lymphocytes are involved in which acquired immunity and what do they do?

A

Cell-mediated immunity
CD8 become cytotoxic activated by LAK
CD4 become helper Th1 activate macrophages, Th2 help B cells make antibodies
Suppressor T lymphocytes inhibit lymphocytic function

74
Q

Antibodies belong to a class of proteins called ________ in the shape of a Y?

A

Immunoglobulins

75
Q

The tail of the Y of an antibody is called the __? and determines the type of immunoglobulin

A

Fc

76
Q 
Tell me about the different antibodies:
IgG
IgA
IgM
IgD
IgE
A

IgG: monomer, smallest, 2o response, most abundant, compliment fixation, X placenta for passive immunity, promotes phagocytosis and cell lysis
IgA: Dimer, larger, in saliva, tears, breast milk, most abundantly produced
IgM: Pentamer, LARGEST, 1o response, 1st in fetus, promotes agglutination, phagocytosis, cell lysis
IgD: monomer, smaller, activates basophils and mat cells, surface antibody on B lymphocytes
IgE: monomer, smaller, Type 1 hypersensitivity rxn, parasitic disease

77
Q

Cell-mediated immunity is important for fighting what types of infections and cells?

A

Viral and fungal infection, potential cancer cells

78
Q

Does cell-mediated immunity or humoral immunity persist longer in the body?

A

Cell-mediated

79
Q

Natural active immunity:

A

immunity involves the production of antibodies after an infection

80
Q

Natural passive immunity:

A

Immunity occurs when the antibodies are produced in the mother and are transferred at birth to the infant

81
Q

Artificial active immunity:

A

The antibody produced is induced by immunizations

82
Q

Artificial passive immunity:

A

Antibodies are produced elsewhere and injected into/transferred to the patient

83
Q

Type 1 Hypersensitivity reaction:

A

Anaphylactic: antigen reacts with IgE causing mast cells to release histamine, heparin, as seen in allergies and asthma

84
Q

Type 2 Hypersensitivity reaction:

A

Cytotoxic: IgG, IgM, destroys cells (erythroblastosis fetalis, acute transfusion rection, pernicious anemia, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, rheumatic fever)

85
Q

Type 3 Hypersensitivity reaction:

A

Immune complex: IgG mediated-immune complex deposits trigger inflammation as seen in serum sickness, SLE, RA, post-strep glomerulonephritis and farmer’s lung

86
Q

Type 4 Hypersensitivity reaction:

A

Delayed hypersensitivity: T cell mediated (Mantoux test for TB, touch poison ivy contact dermatitis, chronic transplant rejection, Type 1 diabetes mellitus), no antibodies are produced

87
Q

MHC class 1:

A

Antigens on all nucleated cells, recognized by CD8 cells

88
Q

MHC class 2:

A

Found on antigen-presenting cells lik macrophages and dendritic cells, recognized by CD 4 cells

Chiro Essentials Physiology (5 decks)

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