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Chiro Essentials Physiology > Neurophysiology and Renal Review > Flashcards

Neurophysiology and Renal Review Flashcards

1
Q 
Define:
Transduction:
Transmission:
Perception:
Interpretation:
Modulation:
A

Transduction: process whereby energy and forces acting on the body are converted into nerve impulses @nerve endings
Transmission: process whereby information is carried from receptor to the brain
Perception: process of experiencing a particular stimulus
Interpretation: process of assigning a specific meaning to a stimulus
Modulation: process in which the sensation is dampened or modified

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2
Q

Myelin comes from what cells in the PNS? CNS?

A

Schwann cells

oligodendrocytes

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3
Q

In the resting state of a neuron is there more K+ inside or outside of the cell?

A

Inside

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4
Q

Describe the action potential

A

Na+ channels open to allow Na+ inside to depolarize membrane when peak is reached Na+ channels close, K+ channels open and after hyperpolarization ion channels return to resting state

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5
Q

Resting Membrane polarity in a neuron

A

-90 mV

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6
Q

Absolute refractory period

A

When membrane will not respond to further stimulus during depolarization

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7
Q

Relative refractory period

A

When membrane repolarizes it is difficult to depolarize but can with a strong stimulus

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8
Q

What are nodes of Ranvier?

A

Parts along the axon devoid of myelin

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9
Q

Hypercalcemia effect of transmission of action potential

A

Inhibits transmission by preventing opening of sodium gates during depolarization

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10
Q

Hypocalcemia effect of transmission of action potential

A

Makes nerve more irritable (Chvostek sign)

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11
Q

Ruffini endings:
Group
Location?
Function?

A

Group 1
Deep subcutaneous tissue
Joint position sens

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12
Q

Muscle spindles:
Group
Location?
Function?

A

Group Ia
in muscle
Detect changes in length of muscle

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13
Q

Golgi Tendon Organs:
Group
Location?
Function?

A

Group Ib
Tendons/Joints
Detect load/tension

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14
Q

Pacinian Corpuscles:
Group
Location?
Function?

A

Group II
Deep subcutaneous tissue and joints
Vibration

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15
Q

Meissner’s corpuscles:
Group
Location?
Function?

A

Group II
Dermal papillae
2-pt touch discrimination

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16
Q

Krause’s corpuscles:
Group
Location?
Function?

A

Group II
in dermis and cornea
Fine touch

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17
Q

Merkel cells:
Group
Location?
Function?

A

Group II
Epidermis
Crude touch and pressure

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18
Q

Naked nerve endings:
Group
Location?
Function?

A

Group III and IV
Skin and joints
Pain and temperature

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19
Q

CNS neurotransmitters that are excitatory? Inhibitory?

A

Excitatory: Glutamine, serotonin, ACh, Norepinephrine, dopamine
Inhibitory: GABA and glycine

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20
Q

PNS neurotransmitters?

A

ACH @neuromuscular junction, norepinephrine and Ch in ANS

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21
Q

where are cholinergic receptors found in the ANS and what type?

A

Neuromuscular junction - nicotinic

Postganglionic parasympathetic nerve endings - muscarinic

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22
Q 
Adrenergic receptors in ANS, location and function:
Alpha 1
Alpha 2
Beta 1
Beta 2
Beta 3
A

Alpha 1: smooth muscle in blood vessels, gut, sphincters, skin - constriction
Alpha 2: Islets of Langerhan’s - decrease insulin secetion
Beta 1: Cardiac muscle - increase rate and force and in kidney
Beta 2: Smooth muscle in bronchi, coronary vessels, skeletal muscle - dilation
Beta 3: In brown fat - increase lipolysis

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23
Q

A fiber nociceptors

A

Detect mechanical, cold and heat

Fast conduction, well-localized, sharp, pricking pain

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24
Q

C fibers

A

Somatic and visceral tissue, activated by thermal, chemical, mechanical stimuli with receptors for bradykinin, prostaglandin E2, serotonin, histamine, interleukin and TNF, slow conducting, poorly localized burning or dull aching pain

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25
Q

A alpha fibers diameter, speed, function, adaptation

A

12-20 um, 70-120 m/s, motor to skeletal muscle, slow

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26
Q

A beta fibers, group diameter, speed, function, adaptation

A

II, 5-12 um, 40-70 m/s, fine touch, vibration, proprioception, slow

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27
Q

A y fibers, group, diameter, speed, function, adaptation

A

Ia, 3-6 um, 10-50 m/s, muscle spindles, slow

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28
Q

A gamma fibers, group, diameter, speed, function, adaptation

A

III, 2-5 um, 6-30 m/s, fast pain, temperature, touch, RAPID

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29
Q

B fibers diameter, speed, function, adaptation

A

1-3 um, 3-5 m/s, preganglionic autonomic fibers, slow

30
Q

c fibers, group, diameter, speed, function, adaptation

A

IV, 0.5-1 um, 3 m/s, postganglionic fibers; slow pain, SLOW

31
Q 
Mechanorecepors in joints - sensitive to? Rate of adaptation? Appearance?
I
II
III
IV
A

I: stretch, slow adapting, look like ruffini endings
II: vibration and pressure, rapidly adapting, look like pacinian corpuscle
III: stretch, slow adapting, look like GTO
IV: stretch and pain, slow and rapid adapting, free nerve endings

32
Q

Main functions of the kidney?

A

Waste excretion, electrolyte balance, BP control, acid base balance

33
Q

What makes up the nephron?

A

Glomerulus, two convoluted tubule, loop of Henle

34
Q

What hormones are secreted by the kidney?

A

EPO and renin

35
Q

At rest how much of the cardiac output goes to the kidney?

A

20% or 1L/min

36
Q

At rest what is the renal plasma flow?

A

60% or 600 mL/min

37
Q

What epithelium lines the Bowman’s capsule and glomerulus?

A

Simple squamous epithelium

38
Q

What epithelium lined the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

Cuboidal cells

39
Q 
Forces involved in glomerular filtration:
Hydrostatic +60 mmHg pushes what?
Oncotic -32 mmHg pulls what?
Bowman's capsule -18 mmHg pushes what?
Resulting in a positive net pressure of?
A

Water out of capillary
Water into capillary
Water into capillary
10 mmHg

40
Q

T/F Pores in capillary membrane, slits between pedicles of podocytes in Bowman’s capsule and specialized positively charged basement membrane sandwiched in between allows free passage of small molecules and repulsion of negatively charged proteins

A

F NEGATIVELY charged basement membrane

41
Q

Glucose is reabsorbed actively by what part of the nephron?

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

42
Q

What is the renal threshold for glucose?

43
Q

The proximal convoluted tubule reabsorbs what?

A

100% filtered amino acids and glucose, 80% bicarb and phosphate, 60-70% Na+, K+ Ca2+, 50% H2O and urea

44
Q

The thin descending part of the loop of Henle is permeable to what? Impermeable to what?

45
Q

How does the thin descending part of the loop of Henle concentrate urine?

A

Trap Na+ and Cl- and moves water out of descending limb

46
Q

The thick ascending part of the loop of Henle is impermeable to what?

47
Q

The distal convoluted tubule reabsorbs?

A

Na+, Cl-, H2O, Ca2+

48
Q

Aldosterone acts on what cells in the collecting duct and distal convoluted tubule? What does it do?

A

Principal

Na+ resorption in exchange for H+ and K+ secretion via Na/K-ATPase pump

49
Q

PTH does what in the distal convoluted tubule?

A

Convert 25 hydroxycholecalciferol to 1, 25 dihydroxycholecalciferol (active form Vit D)

50
Q

Vitamin D does what in the distal convoluted tubule?

A

Facilitate Ca2+ resorption and PO4 secretion

51
Q

ADH acts on receptors in what part of the nephron?

A

collecting duct

52
Q

ADH does what in the collecting duct?

A

Increase water permeability by acting on aquaporins which allow more water to be reabsorbed preventing diureis

53
Q

EPO is produced by what cell in the kidney? Produced in response to what conditions? What does it do?

A

Interstitial cells in the cortex
Hypoxic
Acts on myeloid tissue in bone marrow and increase production of RBC

54
Q

Renin is produced by what in the kidney? In response to what condition?

A

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

Drop in BP

55
Q

Describe the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism

A

Drop in renal blood flow decreases NaCl in macula densa in the distal convoluted tubule near afferent and efferent arterioles of glomerulus and sensitive to sodium concentration triggering dilation of terminal part of afferent arteriole and secretion of renin from juxtaglomerular cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus modified smooth muscle cells in walls of afferent arteriole proximal to glomerulus and renin is a proteolytc enzyme causing angiotensinogen to be secreted by the liver and converted to angiotensin I to angiotensin II by ACE in lung which vasoconstricts and elevated BP and releases aldosterone causing Na+ reabsorption and water to increase in blood volume which increases venous return which increases cardiac output which increases blood pressure

56
Q

ADH/vasopressin is secreted from where? From stimulation of what? Acts on what cells/where in the kidney? Function?

A

Supra-optic nucleus in hypothalamus
Osmoreceptors in hypothalamus
Principal cells of collecting ducts
Water permeability increases –> reabsorption of water and decreased diuresis

57
Q

AND is produced by? Causes?

A

Stretched atrial myocardial fibers
Decreased Na+ reabsorption in distal convoluted tubule increases urine production and relaxes vascular smooth muscle causing decreased peripheral resistance

58
Q

Volatile acid is produced when?

A

CO2 reacts w/H2O to form carbonic acid H2CO3

59
Q

Non-volatile acids?

A

Sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, lactic acid, ketoacids

60
Q

What bases buffer excess acid in the body?

A

HCO3, PO4, hemoglobin

61
Q

How does the kidney excrete excess H+?

A

ammonium NH4+

62
Q

Compensatory mechanisms for metabolic acidosis?

A

Lungs blow off CO2 and H2O through hyperventilation

63
Q

Compensatory mechanisms for respiratory acidosis?

A

Kidneys excrete excess H+ or increase HCO3- reabsorption

64
Q

Compensatory mechanisms for metabolic alkalosis?

A

Lungs decrease excretion of CO2 through hypoventilation

65
Q

Compensatory mechanisms for respiratory alkalosis?

A

kidneys decrease H+ excretion and HCO3- reabsorption

66
Q

Normal ranges of PCO2? HCO3-?

A

35-45 mmHg

22-26 mmol/L

67
Q

COPD and CHF cause CO2 retention and what type of acidosis?

A

Respiratory

68
Q

Prolonged diarrhea causes what type of acidosis?

69
Q

Aspirin overdose causes what acidosis? alkalosis?

A

Metabolic –> hyperventilation –> respiratory alkalosis

70
Q

Excessive vomiting causes what alkalosis?

71
Q

Conn’s disease causes what type of alkalosis?

Chiro Essentials Physiology (5 decks)

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