Reproductive Anatomy Flashcards
Name the 3 ligaments associated with the ovary?
- Broad ligament (Mesovarium) 2. Suspensory ligament of the ovary 3. Ovarian ligament
What structures run within the suspensory ligament of the ovary?
Ovarian vessels (Artery and vein)
From what level of the abdominal aorta does the gonadal artery (Testicular A/Ovarian A) come off of?
L2
Where does the lymphatic drainage of the ovaries (+ testes) drain to?
Para-aortic lymph nodes
Into which vessel does the left ovarian vein drain?
Left renal vein
Into which vessel does the right ovarian vein drain?
Inferior vena cava
Which part of the uterine (Fallopian) tube is most susceptible to an ectopic pregnancy?
Ampulla – likely due to its long + thin course
Define version and flexion?
Version: angle made between the vagina and the cervix. Flexion: angle made between the cervix and body of the uterus.
What is the most common orientation of the internal genitalia with regards to version and flexion?
Anteverted and anteflexed
What structure passes through the inguinal canal in women and is not seen in men?
Round ligament – attachments are uterus to the labia majora
Define the internal and external os?
Internal os is the connection between cervix and uterus. External Os is the connection between cervix and vagina
What type of epithelium lines the endocervix?
Columnar epithelium
The cardinal ligament anchors the cervix to the lateral pelvic wall – what travels through the cardinal ligament?
Uterine vessels (A+V).
What name do we give to the recesses created by the vaginal portions of the cervix?
Fornix
What two glands open around the external urethral meatus and drain into its opening?
Lesser vestibular glands/Skene’s glands
What is the equivalent of the Skene’s glands in men?
Prostate
What glands drain into the vaginal canal providing lubrication during arousal?
Greater vestibular/Bartholin’s glands
What is the equivalent of the Bartholin’s glands in men?
Bulbourethral glands
What is the only non-erectile part of the clitoris?
Glans clitoris
What muscle attaches onto the bulb of the clitoris?
Bulbospongiosus
What are the two arteries that supply the clitoris?
Deep artery (runs within the corpora cavernosa) + Dorsal artery (runs at the most anterior surface of clitoris (+penis))
What artery do the two arteries that supply the clitoris come off?
Internal pudendal artery 🡪 Internal iliac artery
What is the relationship between the Uterine Artery and the Ureter?
The Ureter runs under the Uterine artery (‘Water (urine) runs under the bridge’)
The vaginal artery is a homologue of what artery in men?
Inferior vesical – women do not have an inferior vesical. Instead, the Vaginal artery supplies the underside of the bladder
Go through the layers of the abdominal wall?
Skin 🡪 Camper’s fascia (Fatty) 🡪 Scarpa’s Fascia (Membranous) 🡪 External Oblique 🡪 Internal oblique 🡪 Transversus abdominis 🡪 Transversalis Fascia 🡪 Parietal peritoneum
What structure runs along the midline of the rectus abdominis?
Linea Alba
Why is the Linea alba often used surgically to access the abdomen via a midline laparotomy?
It is avascular
What are the two attachment sites of the inguinal ligament?
ASIS + Pubic Tubercle
How is the inguinal ligament related to the external oblique?
The inguinal ligament is the free edge of the external oblique.
What structure pulls the testes down creating the layers of the scrotum (from the abdominal layers) as it does so?
Gubernaculum
The External oblique muscle corresponds to which layer of the scrotum?
External spermatic fascia
The Internal oblique muscle corresponds to which layer of the scrotum?
Cremasteric muscle
The parietal peritoneum corresponds to which layer of the scrotum?
Tunica vaginalis
What two conditions can arise from a patent processus vaginalis?
1) Hydrocele 2) Indirect inguinal hernia
Where would you go to palpate the deep inguinal ring?
Mid-point of the inguinal ligament
What blood vessels is used clinically to demarcate an indirect from a direct inguinal hernia?
Inferior epigastric vessels (Indirect inguinal hernia is lateral to inferior epigastric artery, direct is medial to the vessels)
What two muscles in the scrotum work to elevate the testes?
1) Dartos muscle 2) Cremasteric muscle
What is the difference between the Dartos and Cremasteric muscles?
Dartos is under autonomic control (in cold environments it contracts to wrinkle the scrotum). Cremasteric is under conscious control.
What is the afferent and efferent limb of the cremasteric reflex?
Afferent – Ilioinguinal nerve. Efferent – Genital branch of the Genitofemoral Nerve
What is the functional unit of the testes?
Seminiferous tubules
What cells in the seminiferous tubules assist with spermatogenesis?
Sertoli cells
What hormone stimulates the Leydig cells?
LH. (LH -> Leydig cells)
In response to LH what do the Leydig cells produce?
Androgens e.g. testosterone
What does the epididymis continue as?
Vas/Ductus Deferens
What two structures join together on the posterior side of the bladder to make the ejaculatory duct?
Ductus Deferens + Seminal Vesicle
Which part of the prostate does the ejaculatory duct open into?
Prostatic urethra
Which zone of the prostate is most commonly affected in prostate cancer?
Peripheral
Which zone of the prostate is most commonly affected in Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy?
Transitional
The ejaculatory duct opens up in the prostatic urethra but which specific part of the prostatic urethra does it open up into?
Seminal colliculus
What is the function of the bulbourethral glands?
Lubrication of the urethra and production of pre-ejaculate
What are the 4 parts of the male urethra?
Preprostatic, prostatic, membranous, spongy
Which part of the penis is most susceptible to trauma when catheterising?
Membranous – due to the sharp change in angle
The attached end of the penis is called the root. What 3 structures make up the root of the penis?
1 Bulb and 2 Crura (Crus singular)
The bulb of the penis continues as what structure?
Corpus Spongiosum
What does the crus of the penis continue as?
Corpus cavernosa
What travels within the corpus spongiosum?
Urethra
What muscle covers the crus and helps to maintain an erection by prevention blood from leaving the penis when it contracts?
Ischiocavernosus
Describe the course of the pudendal nerve?
Leaves the pelvic cavity via the greater sciatic foramen 🡪 wraps around the ischial spine 🡪 re-enters the pelvic cavity via the lesser sciatic foramen
What is the sympathetic innervation of the pelvis?
Sacral Splanchnic nerve
What is the parasympathetic innervation of the pelvis?
Pelvic splanchnic nerve (Pelvic – Parasympathetic. The only parasympathetic splanchnic nerve)
What nerve supplies the cremasteric muscle?
Genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve
