Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy > Head and Neck Anatomy > Flashcards

Head and Neck Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What cranial nerve supplies the muscles of facial expression?

A

Facial nerve (the terminal 5 motor branches of the facial nerve)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Which pharyngeal arch do the muscles of facial expression come from?

A

2nd pharyngeal arch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the innervation of the buccinator muscle?

A

Facial – it is not a muscle of mastication (and therefore innervated by trigeminal nerve)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How does the facial nerve exit the skull base?

A

Internal acoustic meatus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How does the facial nerve exit the skull?

A

Stylomastoid foramen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the 5 terminal motor branches of the facial nerve?

A

Temporal, Zygomatic, Buccal, Marginal Mandibular + cervical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The facial nerve gives off a branch named ‘nerve to stapedius’ which innervates the stapedius muscle. What is the function of this muscle?

A

To contract and dampen down vibrations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The facial nerve is one of our four parasympathetic nerves. What structures does it innervate for it to be given this title?

A

Submandibular + Sublingual salivary glands + Lacrimal gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How does the facial nerve innervate the tongue?

A

Special sensation to the anterior 2/3 via the chorda tympani branch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

At what vertebral level does the hyoid bone lie?

A

C3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How many cervical spinal nerves do we have?

A

8 (and 7 vertebrae)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the innervation of the posterior belly of the digastric muscle?

A

Facial nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the innervation to the sternocleidomastoid muscle?

A

Accessory nerve (CNXI)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the function of the SCM muscle?

A

Bilateral contraction: Neck extension.
Unilateral contraction: Contralateral rotation + Ipsilateral neck flexion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What nerve roots create the ansa cervicalis?

A

Ventral rami of C1-C3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What structures lie within the carotid sheath?

A
  1. Common carotid artery
  2. Internal jugular vein
  3. Vagus nerve (CN X)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the borders of the anterior triangle of the neck?

A

Midline of the neck, anterior border of SCM, inferior surface of the mandible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the borders of the posterior triangle of the neck?

A

Posterior border of the SCM, anterior border of trapezius, middle third of the clavicle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What part of the thyroid gland connects to the two lobes?

A

Isthmus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What vertebral level does the thyroid span?

A

C4🡪 C7/T1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the blood supply to the thyroid gland?

A

Superior thyroid artery (from E. Carotid) + Inferior thyroid artery (from Thyrocervical trunk 🡪 from subclavian)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

At what vertebral level does the common carotid bifurcate?

A

C4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

If a patient presents with a midline neck lump that produces on tongue protrusion, what is the diagnosis?

A

Thyroglossal cyst

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How do olfactory nerve fibres pass into the nasal cavity?

A

Through Cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What nerves deliver general sensation to the nasal cavity?

A

V1 (ophthalmic division) + V2 (maxillary division)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What sinuses drain via the middle meatus?

A

FAM – Frontal, Anterior ethmoid, Maxillary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Through which meatus does the posterior ethmoid sinus drain to get into the nasal cavity?

A

Superior meatus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Through which opening does the sphenoid sinus drain to get into the nasal cavity?

A

Sphenoethmoid recess (above superior turbinate)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

The lacrimal gland drains via the nasolacrimal duct. Through which meatus will the nasolacrimal duct empty its secretions into the nasal cavity?

A

Inferior meatus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the medical term for a nosebleed?

A

Epistaxis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What type of epithelium lines the paranasal sinuses and bronchial tree?

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

At what vertebral level does the cricoid cartilage lie?

A

C6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is the only muscle to abduct (open) the vocal cords?

A

Posterior cricoarytenoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

The cricoid thyroid muscle tenses the vocal cords allowing an increase in pitch (often referred to as the singer’s muscle). What is the innervation of this muscle?

A

External branch of the superior laryngeal nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is the anatomical name of the false vocal cords?

A

Vestibular folds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is the function of the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve?

A

Sensory innervation of the mucosa above the vocal cords

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Why do we need to adduct (close) the vocal cords?

A

Phonation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

How can we differentiate between the true and false vocal cords?

A

True vocal cords lie below the false and are responsible for sound production (unlike the false cords which serve a protective function)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What muscle lies on the posterior aspect of the trachea functioning to expel a foreign body if it ends up in the trachea?

A

Trachealis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Which structure does the right recurrent laryngeal nerve loop underneath on its way up to the larynx?

A

Right Subclavian artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Which structure does the left recurrent laryngeal nerve loop underneath on its way up to the larynx?

A

Arch of aorta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is the sensory and motor innervation of the recurrent laryngeal?

A

Sensory: Mucosa below the vocal cords. Motor: All muscles other than cricothyroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

If a foreign body enters the respiratory tract which bronchi is it most likely to become lodged in?

A

Right main bronchus – it is more vertical + wider (and shorter)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What two additional features is the left lung going to have?

A

Cardiac notch + lingula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

How many lobes in the right lung?

A

3 (divided by two fissures – horizontal + oblique)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What is the relationship of the Vagus and Phrenic nerves to the hilum?

A

Phrenic nerve travels anterior to the hilum. Vagus nerve travels posterior to the hilum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

The pleura surround the root/hilum of the lung is going to continue inferiorly as what structure?

A

The Pulmonary ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Where does the apex of the lung project?

A

Above the first rib

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What nerves pass through the superior orbital fissure?

A

Cranial Nerve 3, 4, 5(1), 6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

How does the maxillary division of trigeminal get out of the skull?

A

Foramen rotundum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

How does the mandibular division of the trigeminal get out of the skull?

A

Foramen ovale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What passes through the foramen spinosum?

A

Middle meningeal artery

53
Q

The middle meningeal artery passes behind which structure?

A

Pterion

54
Q

Rupture of the middle meningeal artery causes what type of haemorrhage?

A

Extradural haemorrhage

55
Q

What structures pass out the skull through the stylomastoid foramen?

A

Facial nerve

56
Q

Where is the anterior fontanelle located in infants?

A

Bregma (where sagittal suture meets coronal anteriorly)

57
Q

Where is the posterior fontanelle located in infants?

A

Lambda – where the sagittal suture meets the lambdoid suture

58
Q

What nerves pass out through the internal acoustic meatus?

A

7 (Facial) and 8 (Glossopharyngeal). Acoustic – needs to have something to do with the auditory pathway

59
Q

What is the only cranial nerve to leave then re-enter the skull – describe its path?

A

Spinal accessory nerve (CNII). Nerve originates from the spinal cord between C1-C5 and runs superiorly to enter the cranial cavity through the foramen magnum. It then exists the skull through the jugular foramen

60
Q

What is the name of the division between the two hemispheres of the brain?

A

Longitudinal fissure

61
Q

What is the name of the division between frontal and parietal lobe?

A

Central sulcus

62
Q

What is the name of the division between the temporal and frontal/parietal above it?

A

Sylvian fissure/lateral sulcus

63
Q

What is the function of the pre-central gyrus?

A

Primary motor cortex

64
Q

What parts of the homunculus would you find on the medial surface of the brain?

A

Lower limb and genitalia

65
Q

What artery supplies the medial surface of the brain?

A

Anterior cerebral artery

66
Q

What artery supplies the lateral surface of the brain?

A

Middle cerebral artery

67
Q

Where would you find Broca’s area?

A

Inferior frontal lobe

68
Q

What is the function of Broca’s area?

A

Motor aspect of speech

69
Q

What would you see in a Broca’s aphasia?

A

Inability to make the motor movements needed for speech. Slurring making sounds that are incomprehensible.

70
Q

What would you see in a Wernicke’s aphasia?

A

Can make sounds that can be made out as ‘words’ but the understanding is gone. They reply with responses that make no sense.

71
Q

Where would you find Wernicke’s area?

A

Superior temporal lobe

72
Q

What is the name of the connection between Wernicke’s and Broca’s?

A

Arcuate fasciculus

73
Q

What structure lies close to the optic chiasm?

A

Pituitary gland

74
Q

What type of visual loss would you therefore get with a pituitary adenoma?

A

Bitemporal hemianopia

75
Q

What structures connect the two hemispheres of the brain?

A

Corpus callosum

76
Q

What is the superior colliculus responsible for?

A

Integrating visual eye movements (sends information to lateral geniculate nucleus)

77
Q

What is the function of inferior colliculus?

A

Involved in the auditory pathway

78
Q

What skull foramina does the olfactory nerve pass through to get to the nasal cavity?

A

Cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone

79
Q

What does the optic nerve pass through?

A

Optic canal

80
Q

What nerves do the afferent and efferent limb of the direct and consensual light reflex?

A

Afferent – optic Efferent – Oculomotor

81
Q

If a patient has a positive RAPD (relative afferent pupillary defect) – where could the issue be?

A

Optic nerve + retina

82
Q

How many of the 7 extra-ocular muscles does the oculomotor nerve innervate?

A

5

83
Q

What innervates the lateral rectus?

A

Abducens

84
Q

What innervates the superior oblique?

A

Trochlear nerve

85
Q

Where would you ask the patient to look to test the superior oblique?

A

Down and in

86
Q

What would a patient with an oculomotor nerve lesion look like?

A
  1. Ptosis 2. Pupil looking down and out 3. Mydriasis (dilated pupil)
87
Q

What is the function of the trigeminal (include both sensory and motor)?

A

Sensory – sensory. Motor: Muscles of mastication (specifically V3 – mandibular division of trigeminal)

88
Q

What is the afferent and efferent limb of the corneal reflex?

A

Afferent: V1 (ophthalmic branch of trigeminal) Efferent: Facial

89
Q

How does the maxillary division of trigeminal get out of the skull?

A

Foramen rotundum

90
Q

How does the mandibular division of the trigeminal get out of the skull?

A

Foramen ovale

91
Q

What does the facial nerve do?

A

Muscles of facial expression

92
Q

What innervates the motor movements of the tongue?

A

Hypoglossal

93
Q

In a right sided hypoglossal nerve lesion which side will the tongue be deviated towards?

A

Right side

94
Q

How does the facial nerve exit the skull?

A

Stylomastoid foramen

95
Q

What innervates the posterior 1/3 of the tongue (both general and special sensation)?

A

Glossopharyngeal

96
Q

What innervates the special sensation to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?

A

Chorda tympani branch of facial

97
Q

What innervates the general sensation to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?

A

Lingual branch of the trigeminal

98
Q

At what vertebral level does the spinal cord end?

A

L1

99
Q

What do we call the above site where the spinal cord ends?

A

Conus Medullaris

100
Q

What landmark do we use to avoid the spinal cord when doing a lumbar puncture?

A

Iliac crest (highest point is at L4)

101
Q

Where does CSF lie?

A

Subarachnoid space

102
Q

What nerve fibres run within the ventral nerve root?

A

Motor nerves only

103
Q

What nerve fibres run within the ventral and dorsal rami?

A

Motor AND sensory

104
Q

What type of sensory information is carried by the dorsal column?

A

Proprioception, fine (discriminative) touch + vibration

105
Q

Which limb of the internal capsule do the corticospinal tract fibres travel in?

A

Posterior limb

106
Q

Through which portions of the brainstem do the corticospinal tract fibres travel in?

A

Crus cerebri (of midbrain), Basilar pons, Pyramids of medulla (motor tract travelling in the anterior aspect of the brainstem as motor is always anterior)

107
Q

What happens to the remaining 10% of the corticospinal tract fibres that do not decussate?

A

Remain anterior as the anterior corticospinal tract (supplies the axial musculature)

108
Q

What type of sensory information is carried by the spinothalamic tract?

A

Pain, temperature + crude touch (in anterior)

109
Q

At what point does the spinothalamic tract decussate?

A

At the point at entry in the spinal cord.

110
Q

At what point does the dorsal column and corticospinal tract decussate?

A

Thalamus

111
Q

Fibres from the lower half of the body below T6 will ascend in which part of the dorsal column?

A

Gracile fasciculus (above T6 – cuneate fasciculus)

112
Q

What is the function of the dural venous sinuses?

A

Drain the head and neck into the internal jugular vein

113
Q

Why do we call it with dural venous sinuses?

A

Dural venous sinuses because the sinuses run within the two layers of the dura (endosteal and meningeal layers)

114
Q

How does the CSF drain back into the venous circulation?

A

Arachnoid granulations

115
Q

What two blood vessels come up to create the circle of Willis?

A

Vertebral artery and internal carotid

116
Q

What does the internal carotid artery become (going to supply the convexity of the brain)?

A

Middle cerebral artery

117
Q

What does the basilar artery supply?

A

Brainstem

118
Q

An anterior cerebral artery stroke is going to cause disproportionate weakness in which part of the body?

A

Lower limbs

119
Q

What are the two main types of stroke?

A

Ischaemic (85%) and haemorrhagic

120
Q

Why can the corticospinal tract also be called the pyramidal tract?

A

Because the corticospinal tracts run through the pyramids (which sit anterior and remember the motor tracts run anterior) of the medulla.

121
Q

Which part of the basal ganglia is affected in Parkinson’s disease?

A

Substantia nigra

122
Q

Through which part of the internal capsule do they motor tracts run?

A

Posterior limb of the internal capsule (no motor fibres run in the anterior limb)

123
Q

What cells secrete CSF?

A

Ependymal cells of the choroid plexus

124
Q

What part of the ventricular system connects lateral ventricle to the third ventricle?

A

Interventricular foramen (Foramen of Monroe)

125
Q

What part of the ventricular system connects the third to the fourth ventricle?

A

Cerebral aqueduct

126
Q

What structures connect the 4th ventricle to the central canal?

A

Foramen of Lushke and Foramen of Magendie

127
Q

What is the name of the nerve that emerges in between the posterior cerebral artery and the superior cerebellar artery?

A

Oculomotor nerve

128
Q

What 3 structures (nuclei) make up the corpus striatum?

A

Caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus

129
Q

What term do we use when referring to the caudate nucleus and the putamen?

A

Striatum

Anatomy (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions