_VACTERL_ vertebral defects anal atresia cardiac defects tracheo esophageal fistula renal defects limb defects(bone and muscle)

Week 3-8 before week 3 =all or none after week 8= growth and function affected

1 fertilized egg 4-8day=monochorionic diamniotic 8-12=monochorinonic monoamniotic >13 day=mono mono SIAMESES

Reproductive Flashcards by JD Castre

worts most invasibe and most common breast tumor

invasive ductal

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most common testicular tumor

seminoma

fried egg apariencie
equivalent to woman dysgerminoma
increase ALP

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most common testicular tumor in boys

yolk sack tumor(endodermal sinus) -

schiller duval bodies resemble primitive glomeruli
increase AFP

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most common testicular cancer in old man

testicular lymphoma

-not a primary cancer -its a met tot he testes.

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mutation in sonic headgehog gene

holoprosencephaly

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Mutation FGF gene

ACHONDROPLASIA stimulates mitosis providing lengthening of limbs

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homeobox genes

segmental organizxation of the embrio apprendages in wrong locations

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develoment stage at moment of implantation

BLASTOCYST (week1) day 7

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proces that form the trilaminar embryonic disc

GASTRULATION -epiblas invaginating to form the primitive streak

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ECTODERM DERIVATES

SUFACE ECTODERM

NEUROECTODERM

NEURAL CREST

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NEURAL CREST DERIVATES

PNS(dorsal root ganglia,craneal nerves,celial ganglion,schwann cells, ANS)
melanocytes
chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla
parafollicular (C) cells fo thyroid
pia and arachnoid
bones of skull
odontoblasts
aorticopulmonary septum

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medosemal defects

VACTERL

vertebral defects
anal atresia
cardiac defects
tracheo esophageal fistula
renal defects
limb defects(bone and muscle)

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organoenesis

Week 3-8

before week 3 =all or none
after week 8= growth and function affected

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monocygotic twins

1 fertilized egg

<day>
<li>4-8day=monochorionic diamniotic</li>
<li>8-12=monochorinonic monoamniotic</li>
<li>>13 day=mono mono SIAMESES</li>
</day>

</day>

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umbilical arteries and veins are derivad from?

ALLANTOIS

it becomest the urachus(duct between fetal bladder and yolk salK)

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urachal cyst

can leat to adenocarcinoma

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meconium discharge from umbilicus

vitelline fistula

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ectopic gastric mucosa and/or pancreatic tessiue

meckel diverticulum

(onphalomesenteric duct defect)

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allantoid give rise to->

vitelline duct gives rise to–>

allantoid=urachus (week 3)

vitelline duct=onphalomesenteric duct(week 7)

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4th aoritc arch derivatives

left=aortic arch
right=proximal part of the right sunclavia artery

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6 th aortic arch derivatives

proximal part of the pulmonary arteries
ductus arteriosus

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branchial cleft cyst withi lateral neck

Persistent cervical sinus

failure to obliterated 2th-4th brachial cleft by the 2th brachial arch

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first arch neural crest fails to migrate.->mandibular hypoplasia,facila abnormlalities

Treacher Collin Syndrome

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2 arch defect

Congenital pharyngocutaneous fistula

-presistence of cleft and pouch->fistula between tonsilar area and lateral neck

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Aberrant development of 3rd and 4th pouches

**DiGeorge syndrome (t22:11)** 3rd pouch * no thymes,no T-cells and hypocalmeia(no inferor parathyroid) 4th pouch * (no superior parathyroids)

failure to fuse of the maxillary and medial nasal processes

cleft lip

failure of fusion of the two lateal palatine processes or failure of lateral palatine processes with the nasal septum

cleft palate

SRY gene on Y= sertoli cells secrete MIF= Leydig cells=

SRY gene on Y=testes determinating factor sertoli cells secrete MIF=suppresses develoment of paramesonephric ducts Leydig cells=stimulare mesonephric duct

**Paramesonephric (mullerian)duct derivatives**

**Paramesonephric (mullerian)duct derivatives** * fallopian tubes * uterus * upper portions of vagina(lower portion from urogenital sinus)

**mesonephric (wolffian) ducts derivates**

**Mesonephric (wolffian) ducts derivates** **male internal structures** * epididymis * ductus deferens * seminal vesicles * ejaculatory duct

male internal genitalia, ambigous external genitalia until puberty(when increase in testosterone levels cause masculinization)

5 a-reductase deficiency

male external genitalia and prostate depends on?

DHT

whats the female counterpart bulbourethral glans(cowper)=\> prostate=\>

bulbourethral glans(cowper)=\>bartholin prostate=\>skenes glands

faulty position of the genital tubercle

epistapadias

failure of urethral folds to close(in female uretharl folds give rise to the labia minora)

hypospadias

most common site of cervical cancer

squamo colummnar junction

urethra injury pelvic fracture? staddle injures?

pelvic fracture= posterior urethra injury(prostetc and membranous) staddle injures=anterior uretra(bubar and penile)

estrongen potency

Estradio(ovary)\>estrone(fat)\>estriol(placenta)

transient mid-cycle ovulatory pain;associated with peritoneal irritation

MITTELSCHMERZ | (can mimic appendicitis)

estrogenn surge then stimulates LH release

ovulation

implantation

1 week after fertilization 3 weeks after last mestrual period HCG levelr reaises, detectable in blood 1 week after conception, home test in urine 2 weeks after conception.

breastfeeding benefits

child: * less asthma,allergies,DM and obesity maternal: * decreses maternal risk for brest and ovarian cancer. Bouth: * facilitates mother-child bonding

homonal changes in menopause

onset at 51 INCREASE IN FSH(specific for menopause)

how much time does full development of espermatocytes takes?

2 months

testicular atrophy,eunuchoid body shape,tall,long extremities,gynecomastia,female hair distribution

**_Klinefelter syndrome XXY_** meiosis II non-disjuntion of the sex chromosomes in one of the parents. increse FSH and LH

maternal virilization during pregnancy

**_Aromatase deficiency_** of the baby 46xx qith ambiguous genitalia increase testosterones and androstenediones

abnormal placental spiral arteries,results in maternal endothelial dysfunction,vasoconstriction or hyperrreflexia

PRECLAMSIA BP 140/90 with proteinuria \>300mg/24hr

postcoital vaginal bleeding

highly sugestive of cervical dysplasia and carcinoma in situ HPV16 and 18(koilocytes) E6 and E7 inhibits p53 suppresor gene

endometritis treatment

genta +clinda

most common gynecologic malignancy

ENDOMETRIAL HYPERPLASIA * risk factors * Hypertention * obesidy * nuliparity * DM * anobulatory cycles

gynecologic tumor epidemiology

USA Endometrial\>ovarian\>cervical

most common cause of infertility in women

**_PCOS(stein-leventhal syndrome)_** * Increse in LH due to pituitay/hypothalamic dysfunction. * LH:FSH,3:1, increase testoterone increase estrogen(from aromatization)

most common ovarian neoplasm

serous cystoadenoma.

thyroid tissue containing ovarian cyst

struma ovarii

bladder tissue containing ovarian neoplasm

**brenner tumor** * coffee bean nuclei

ovarina fibroma ascitis hydrothorax

MEIGS SYNDROME

call-exner bodies(resemble premordial follciles) abnormal uterine bleeding sexual precosity(in preadolescents)

GRANULOSA CELL TUMOR

ovarina neoplasm with psammoma bodies

serous cystoadenocarcinoma BCRA-1 mutation(ovarian,breast and fallopian tube)

ovarin tumor uniform fried egg cells HCG and LDH

**Dysgerminoma** * most common in adolest * equivalent to male seminoma

breast dimpling

suspensory ligament envoltment

peau d orange breast

lymphatic blockade by cancer cells INFLAMMATORY subtype

blocks alpha1d prostate especific (does not affect blood pressure)

Tamsulosine

testicular tumor with reinke crystals that produces androgens

LEYDIG CELL TUMOR androgens get converted to estrogens by aromatase =gycomastia.

why does exogenous estrogens cause thrombi

they inhibit antitrombin III

breat estronge inhibitor uterine and bone estrogen agonist

tamoxyfen thromboembolic events breast cancer

bone estrogen agonist uterus estrogen inhibitor

**Raloxifen** increase thromboembolic events

Structure that pases through the inguinal cannal but is not within the spermatic cord

**ILIOINGUINAL NERVE** (arises from L1) * supplies cutanepus sensation to the scrotumb/labia and medial aspect of the thigh.

female baby masculinization of her genitalia with hypotention

**_21 alpha hydroxilase deficiency_** * results in a total lack of synthesis of aldosterone or cortisol, so that all intermediates generate androgen synthesis,leading to elevation of adrogens and masculinization of tissue

specialized organelled that storages oxytocyn

**_Herring bodies_** * oxyocyn is made in the paraventricualr nucleous of the hypothalamus tranported by neurophysins to be finally storage in the herring bodies of the nuerohypofisis cells.

only bacteria with sterols int he membrane no pepetidoglican on cell wall

mycoplasma pneumoniae P1 protein=inhibit cilia

test for bacterias captusle

cualin test

lacking enzyme in obligate anaerobious

CAT and SOD

Reproductive Flashcards

(75 cards)