reproductive 3

Question 1

development stages of oocyte and follicle

Answer 1

primordial
primary
preantral
antral
mature

Question 2

primordial stage

Answer 2

primary oocyte, 1 layer granulosa cells

Question 3

primary stage

Answer 3

increasing oocyte size, zona pellucida, more granulosa cell layers

Question 4

preantral stage

Answer 4

1st theca cell layer

Question 5

antral stage

Answer 5

appearance fluid filled antrum secreted by granulosa cells

Question 6

mature stage

Answer 6

antrum (inside part) expands, granulosa cells from cumulus oophorus which projects oocyte and surrounding layers into antrum

Question 7

days 1-5 menstrual cycle

Answer 7

early follicular/ menstrual phase

• low est and progest due to degrading CL
• FSH increase
• vasoconstriction uterine arterioles
• breakdown of endometrium layers plus ruptured capilaries
• menstrual flow = blood + endometrial breakdown material

Question 8

days 7-12 menstrual cycle

Answer 8

late follicular/proliferative phase

• estrogen increases - day 7
• LH and FSH decrease ; due to increasing estrogen and inhibin from granulosa, theca cells
• single follicle becomes dominant at end of 1st week
• repair of endometrium (thickens and proliferates)
• menstrual flow stops
• synthesizes progesterone receptors

Question 9

days 12-14 menstrual cycle

Answer 9

late follicular/proliferative phase

• Large increase estrogen secreted by dominant follicle (+ feedback)
• causes a LH surge (smaller FSH spike as well) that induces ovulation
• granulosa cells begin releasing progesterone (which may terminate LH surge)

Question 10

day 14

Answer 10

granulosa cells

• production of estrogen peaks and starts decreasing
• secreting digestive enzymes and prostaglandins that weaken follicular-ovarian membrane
• weakened follicular-ovarian membrane ruptures
• oocyte and some surrounding layers carried out into surface of ovary and into fallopian tube

Question 11

days 15-25

Answer 11

luteal/secretory phase

• CL forms, under LH influence
• secretes large amounts estrogen, progesterone, inhibin
• inhibits secretion of FSH and LH (no new follicles develop)
• secretory endometrium develops which :
• secretes glycogen, glycoproteins and mucopolysaccharides
• progesterone also inhibits uterine smooth muscle contractions

trying to create a hospitable implantation environment

Question 12

days 25-28

Answer 12

luteal/secretory phase
-CL degenerates (if no implantation)

• estrogen and progesterone concentrations decrease
• increase LH and FSH to start menstruation and the next menstrual cycle

Question 13

day 28

Answer 13

• CL degenerates
• Endometrium loses hormonal support of CL
• vasoconstriction uterine arterioles (oxygen deprived endometrium starts to die)
• break down endometrium layers (thin underlying layer maintained to regenerate)
• contraction uterine smooth muscles (myometrium)

endometrium arterioles vasodilate leading to hemoorhage via weakened capillary walls

menstrual flow is blood mixed with endometrial break down material

Question 14

what prevents the CL from degrading during pregnancy ? how?

Answer 14

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
-sustains CL secretion of estrogen and progesterone for 3 months

• estrogen = growth uterine muscle
• progesterone= inhibit uterine contraction

Question 15

what takes over hormonal production once hCG decreases? how?

Answer 15

placenta

• starts secreting large amounts of estrogen and progesterone (~ 3 month mark)
• high amounts progesterone inhibit gonadotropins (no menstrual cycles)

Question 16

menopause

Answer 16

ovaries become less responsive to gonadotropins

Question 17

menarche

Answer 17

1st menstrual cycle starting at puberty

Question 18

perimenopause

Answer 18

menstrual irregularity initially