Reproductive

Question 1

What do the testicular veins drain into?

Answer 1

Right into IVC and left into Left Renal Vein. Similarly the Adrenal veins drain into the renal vein in the left and into the IVC in the right.

Question 2

What is tamoxifen?

Answer 2

It is a selective estrogen receptor modulator. Decreases estrogen activity in the breast and increases activity in the endometrium. Raloxifene is similar.

Question 3

What hormones does prolactin inhibit?

Answer 3

GnRH-LH-Testosterone axis.

Question 4

Identify the parts that fail to fuse in cleft lips and cleft palates.

Answer 4

The midline intermaxillary segment (made up of the medial nasal prominence fusion) fuses with the maxillary prominence to make the whole upper lip. Palatine shelves grow medially from the maxillary prominences and meet in the middle to make the palate.

Question 5

Which two vitamins are most likely to be deficient in neonates?

Answer 5

Vitamin K and Vitamin D. Particularly in preterm. A Vitamin K deficiency can cause hemorrhagic disease of the newborn.

Question 6

What are the names of the two malformations that cause holes in the penis? One on the dorsal surface and one on the ventral.

Answer 6

Epispadias (Above the sword)

Hypospadias (Below the sword)

Question 7

What is the mechanism of action of Sildenafil?

Answer 7

Like ANP and NO, it increases cGMP. It does it by blocking cGMP phosphodiesterase. ANP and NO do it by activating Guanylate Cyclase.

Question 8

What structure is formed from the sixth aortic arch?

Answer 8

Pulmonary artery and Ductus Arteriosum

Question 9

Describe the HER2/neu oncogene?

Answer 9

It is a transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptor that accelerates proliferation. Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor family.

Question 10

What is the most common cause of primary amenorrhea?

Answer 10

Turner Syndrome 45XO

Question 11

What are the signs and symptoms of Turner Syndrome?

Answer 11

Short, streaky ovary, shield chest, bicuspid aortic, pre-ductal coarctation, webbed neck, horseshoe kidney, increased risk of cystic hygroma

Question 12

Which drug can decrease bone reabasorption and decrease the risk of breast cancer?

Answer 12

Raloxifene (agonist activity in bone, antagonist activity in the breast)

Question 13

What is derived from surface ectoderm?

Answer 13

Rathke’s pouch (anterior pituitary), lens, cornea, inner ear, sensory organs, olfactory epithelium, nasal & oral epithelium, epidermis, salivary, sweat & mammary glands

Question 14

What is derived from neural tube?

Answer 14

brain, spinal cord, posterior pituitary, pineal gland, retina

Question 15

What is derived from neural crest?

Answer 15

autonomic, sensory & celiac ganglia, Schwann cells, pia & arachnoid matter, aorticopulmonary septum & endocardial cushion, branchial arches, skull bones, melanocytes, adrenal medula

Question 16

What is derived from mesoderm?

Answer 16

Muscles (all), connective tissue, bone & cartilage, serosa linings, CV system, blood, lymphatic, spleen, internal genitalia, kidney, ureter, adrenal cortex

Question 17

What is derived from endoderm?

Answer 17

GI tract, liver, pancreas, lungs, thymus, parathyroids, thyroid follicular cells, middle ear, bladder & urethra

Question 18

What levels are used to detect neural tube defects with amniocentesis?

Answer 18

AFP and AChE should be elevated as they escape from the neural tube.

Question 19

What are the complications of maternal diabetes?

Answer 19

Caudal regression (from anal atrisia, to flaccid paralysis of LEs to sirenomelia), Congenital heart defects, and anencephaly

Question 20

Where do umbilical arteries come from?

Answer 20

Internal Iliac Arteries

Question 21

Where do umbilical veins drain into?

Answer 21

Ductus Venosum and goes through the liver (not the portal circulation though) and drains into the IVC.

Question 22

Which drug is useful to treat both androgenic alopecia and BPH?

Answer 22

Finasteride inhibits 5alpha-reductase and therefore it decreases Dihydrotestosterone (DHT).

Question 23

What drug prevents androgen aromatization?

Answer 23

Anastrozole: used to treat breast CA in post menopausal women.

Question 24

What is colostrum?

Answer 24

The “first milk” that has less fat and more Ig.

Question 25

What is the mechanism of action of Flutamide?

Answer 25

Non-steroid competitive testosterone and DHT receptor inhibitor.

Question 26

What are the four GnRH agonist?

Answer 26

Leuprolide, Goserelin, Nafarelin, Histrellin

Although they are against continuous stimulation actually down regulates receptors so it leads to decreased LH and FHS.

Question 27

What do serum hormone values show in males with only one testis?

Answer 27

Impaired Inhibin B production requires extra FSH to be produced. Ultimately LH, T and Inihibin B levels are normal.

Question 28

What is the mechanism of action of Mifepristone?

Answer 28

Previously known are RU-486, it is a strong competitive progesterone receptor antagonist.

Question 29

What does the endomitrium look like during an ectopic pregnancy?

Answer 29

Decidualized but without any chorionic vili since the embryo never implanted on it.

Question 30

Which ligament houses the blood supply to the ovaries?

Answer 30

Suspensory Ligament

Question 31

What is the Karyotype of a complete hydatidiform mole? What about a partial mole?

Answer 31

Complete mole is 46XX or 46XY and it is completely paternal. Partial is 69XXX or 69XXY or 69 XYY.

Question 32

What is Comedocarcinoma?

Answer 32

Subtype of DCIS with caseous necrosis.

Question 33

What are the effects of maternal tetracycline use?

Answer 33

Brown or yellow staining of the teeth. Mild growth retardation.