Reproductive Flashcards
What are the male and female primary sex characteristics
penis and vagina
What are the female and male gonads
Ovaries and testes
What are gametes
sperm and egg
What is fertilization
union of gametes
What is a zygote
The intial stages of fetal devlopment
What are the male secondary sex charchteristics
- pubic hair
- heavier skull and bone structure
- body/facial hair
- enlargened larynx ( adams apple)
- increased stature
What are the female secondary sex characteristics
- Enlargement of breasts
- widening of hips
- begining of menstrual cycle
- body hair
What do the gonads do
produce gametes
What does the vas deferens do
carries sperms form the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct
what do the seminal vesicles do
secretes a fructos solution which noursihes sperm as well as a prostagladin hormone which stimulates uterine contractions in the female reproductive tract
what does the prostate do
produces an alkaline buffer which protects sperm in the vagina
what does the epididymis do
stores and matures sperm - this is where mature sperm can be found
What does the urthera do
It transport sperm and urine outside the body
What does the scrotum do
its the sac around the testes
what does the cowpers gland do
It makes a mucous fluid which cleans out urine from the urthera
What does the ejaculatory duct do
ejects sperm into urethera
what do the seminerferous tubules do
Theyre the site of spermatogensis
What is spermatogensis
Procces by which sperm is produced
What are sertoli cells
They are in the semineferous tubules and are stimulated by FSH, they help nourish devolping sperm and also help act as a barrier between sperm and blood
What are interstiatal cells
They are in the tisue space of seminferous tubules, they produce testrosterone, stimulated by LH
What is acrosome enzyme and what doe sit do
It is the enzyme at the head of the sperm which allows it to move through the outer gelatanious layer of an ova
What is the midpeice of a sperm for
It contains all the mitochondria which provide the sperm energy for movement
What is a flagella
It is the sperms tail which helps it propel
In what order do sperm mature
Spermatogonia - spermocyte - spermatid - immature sperm - mature sperm
WHat are the ovaries
secrete hormones and protect all the follicles, release egg during ovulation
What are the fallopian tubes
They connect the uterus to the ovaries
this is where fertilization happens and eggs pass through to the uterus
WHat is the uterus
a halllow muscular organ where a fertilized egg attaches itself to its linign, ENDOMETRIUM, during implantation
What is the cervix
Cylinder shaped neck of tissue that connects the uterus to the vagina
WHat is the vagina
Connects the uterus to the outside of the body
What can be done for the sterilization of females
You can cut tie or block the fallopian tubes
What can be dont for the sterilization of males
cut tie or block the vas deferens
WHat parts of the male reproductive system contribute to the prodcution of sperm and how
Testes - sperm
Seminal Vesicles - produce a fructose solution which nourishes sperm as well as a prostglandin hormone which stimulates contractions in the female reproductive tract
Prostate - secretes an alkaline buffer which protects sperm in the vagina
Cowpers Gland - secretes a muscous fluid prior to ejaculation to clean urine from the urethra
WHat does GnRh do
stimulates the release of LH and FSH in the pituitary
What are spermatogonia
sperm producing cells
What are somatic cells and how are the produces
Body cells and they are produces by mitosis
Through what proccess are gametes produced
meiosis
What happens in the semineferous tubules
Where spermatogonia divide and form immature sperm which go on into the epididymis to mature
WHat is the endometrium
The inner linign fo the uterus where implantation occurs, it shed during the menestrual cycle
What does each follicle stored in the ovaries contain
An immature egg and supporting cells
what are oocytes
immature eggs (ova) in the ovaries
what are the fibrium (fibria)
The finger like projections of the end of the fallopian tubes that do the sweeping motion which bring the egg into the tube
what is oogenesis
Formation of an ova
Where does fertilization occur?
IN THE FALLOPIAN TUBES
Describe oogenesis
happens in the ovaries
‘follicle, which contains two types of cells, primary oocyte and granulosa. granulose is the layer of cells which form the follicle wall, it provides nutrients ffor the devolping oocyte. the nutrient follicle surrounding the oocyte will begin to divide. Then the primary oocyte goes through its first round of meisosis and forms a secondary oocyte and a polar body. As the follicle cells continue to divdie and multiply, eventually a fluid filled sac forms and the secondaryoocyte bursts out of the ovary and goes into the fallopian tube. The remaining folliclular cells form the corpus luteum. The oocyte is swept along the fallopian tube by cilia and if healthy sperm are present it will fertilize, then go through its second round of meiosis. If it does not fertilize within 24 hours it will die and menestration occurs
What days of the menstrual cycle does the flow phase occur
1-5
What days of the menstrual cycle does the follicular phase occur
6-13
what days of the mestrual cycle does ovulation occur
Day 14
What days of the menstual cycle does the luteal phase occur
15- 28
What does estrogen do
- thickens the endometrium lining
- stimulates the devolpment of secondary sex charteristics
- excreted by the ovaries and targets most cells
Progesterone
Inhibits uterine contractions
firms the cervix
- inhibbits ovulation by sending a negaative feed back to LH
- excreeted from the ovary targets mosts cells
What does FSH do in females
It stimulates the devolpment of the follicle
What does LH do in females
- stimulates ovulation
- maintains the corpus luteum
What happens during the flow phase
The endometirum lining sheds
What happens during the follicular phase
FSH stimulates the devolpment of the follicle whihc secretes estrogen and devolps the endometrium lining
What happens on the ovulatory phase
LH stimulates the bursting of the secondary oocyte from the ovary and the remaining follicular cells then become the corpus luteum - estrogen then drops
What happens during the luteal phase
The corpus lutuem releses progesterone and estrogen, progesterone inhibbits uterine contracts and estrogen further devolps the endometrium lining and prepares for implantation, if implantation doesnt occur, progesterone and estogen will drop and menestration will occur restarting the cycle.
What does estrogen do around day 10 - 12
It switchefs to positive feedback for LH and FSH
What are germ cells
speacilized cells that give rise to sperm and egg
When does the fetus devolp its gonads if its a male
at week 10
What happens to a fertilized egg
It becomes a zygote immediately after the sperm and egg come together, this zygote now is diploid and has 46 chromosomes, through mitosis, becomes a blastocyst which then implants itself into the endometrium 6 days after fertilization. After implantation it undergoes gastrulation, bbecomes a gastrrula then an embryo and eventually at 8 weeks, a fetus
What is trophoblasts
The outer layer of cells of the blastocyst
What is gastrulation?
Formation of a three layered gastrula from a hollow ball blastocyst
What are the layers of the gastrula called and what are there names
Ectoderm mesoderm and endoderm
What is the choroin layer
The outermost layer of cells
produces HCG hormone which maintains the corpus luteum for the first three months of pregnancy until the placenta is formed - this is necessary as it keeps estorogen and progesterone high to prevent negeative feedack where when they drop it triggers menestration
What is the Amnion layer
Devolped inside the choroin layer
becomes a fluid filled sac which insulates and protects the devolping emryo - fluid called amniontic fluid - this is the water when water breaks
What is the Allantois
gives rise to the umbillical cord
What is the yolk sac
The original sourc eof fetal blood cells and the lining of the digestive tract
What does the Ectoderm become
skin
hair
fingernails
sweat glands
teeth
nervous system
brain
lens
retina
cornea
inside lining of the mouth
inner ear
cochlea
semilunar canals
What does the Mesoderm become
Muscles
blood vessels and blood
kidneys
reproductive structures
connective tissue
cartilage
bone
WHat does the Endoderm become
liver
pancreas
thyroid
parathyroid
urinary ladder
lining of the digestive system
lining of the respitory system
When does the placenta devolp
At the end of the first trimester, 3 months
WHat does the placenta act as
lungs - gas exchange from mother to fetus and fetus to mother
kidneys - waste exchange fetus to mother
small intestine - nutreint exchange from mother to fetus
When fully formed the placenta will produce what two hormons?
Progesterone and estrogen
Descrie the events during labour
Uterine contractions start, amniotic fluid releases - progestrone drops - oxytocin increases
relaxation of pelvic ligaments allowing the cervix to widen - relaxin goes up
strong uterine contractions move fetus through cervix to birth canal - postivie feedack oxytocin
fetus is born and now a baby
Where is relaxin produced
placenta
What helps intiate laours
prostaglandins
WHat happens to the babys head in the 3rd trimenster
head goes into a downward position
What happens when water breaks
baby moves into the birth canal
What happens after the baby moves into the birth canal
Internal rotation then external rotaion
What is a teratogen?
an agent or factor that causes malformation of an embryo.
Are sporophytes haploid or diploid
diploid
Are spores haploid or diploid
haploid
Are gameotophytes haploid or diploid
haploid
Descrie the life cycle of a lodgepole pine
Sporophytes - mature trees - undergo meiosis and porduce spores - haploid - these spores then undergo mitosis and become gametophytes, these produce haploi gametes through mitosis which undergo fertilization with another gamete, they become a diploid which undergoes mitosis and becomes another sporophyte.
How does Birth Control work
Birth control pills contain progesterone which will send a negative feedback message to the pituitary to not secrete LH, becayse theres no LH ovulation will not be triggered, so the egg wont bbe ale to fertilize so you wont get pregnant
What is invitro fertilization? (IVF)
they stimulate egg production by FSH hormone therapy and retreive them from the ovary, then they take a sperm sample, combine them to allow fertilization and introduce the ffertilized egg into the fetus and hope it will implant
What is embryo trasnfer
A women with a defective uterus may ask anothe women to carry her child
Cytoplasmic trnasfer
Cytoplasm from the ova of a healthier women is trnasfered to the of wek cytoplasm to increase egg quality
Egg donation/ egg/ embryo freezing
Freesing eggs and embryos to use later
fertility drugs
stimulate more pituitary action, which may cause the growth of multiple eggs
IUI interauterine insemination
sperm cells trasnfered into a womens uterus
Gamete intrefallopian trasnfer
sperm and egg are instered into the fallopian tube increasing the chances of succesful fertilizati9on
What iss nondisjunction
When two homologus chromones or sister chromatids move to the same side during anaphase - results in missing or extra chromosomes
What is down syndrome
Trisomic autosomal disorder where there is an extra 21st chromosome
What is turners syndrome
Monosomic disorder, only 1 sex chromosome, the X
What is Klinfelters syndrome
Trisomic - extra X chromosme when theres aalready an X and Y
What is Edwards syndrome
Trisomic- extra 18th chromosome
What is Patau syndrom
trisomic - extra 13th chromosome
What is interphase
