Molecular Genetics Flashcards
Who are the poeple who discovered DNA and how did they contribute to it s discovery
Watson and Crick - responsible for coming up with its struction
- Wilkins partner Rosalind Franklin - she took the photo of the double helix
What is containe in a nucleotide
A deoxyribose sugar, phosphate group and a nitrogen base
What is Cargaffs rule
DNA wil have the same number of A’s and T;s and the same # of C’s and G’s
describe DNAs structure
2 strands of nucleotides, each nucelotide has a phospahte, sugar and a nitrgoen base, these wto strands are twisted into a double helix, the strands also run antiparrell to each otehr 5 prime to 3 prime and 3 prime to 5 prime
Describe the process of DNA replication
Double helix unwinds by gyrase
hydrogen bonds between nitrogen bases are broken and the strands sepreate and become templates through helcase
free flaoting nucleaotides line up with corresponding nitrogen bases, primase tells DNA polymerase where to build
ligase glues the freefloating nucleotides into place
proof-reading enzymes check over for any errors
What is semi conservative
Half- new half old
When does DNA replication occur
Interphase
What are amino acids
organic molecules that contain nitrogen
WHat are the base units of proteins
Amino acids
What is a protein
They are the structual componenst of all cells
made up of amino acids that are linked by peptide bonds
Why are proteins important
They are hormones
they are enzymes
build muscle tissue
new cells structures and old cell repair
What is each gene responsible for
The production of a protein
WHats a codon
3 nucleotides, thats how theyre read
WHat part of the cell is responsible for protien synthesis
Ribosomes
How do you get the intrsuction for protein synthesis from Nucleus to
You use RNA
WHats the difference between mRNA and tRNA
mRNA is coded directly from DNA
tRNA trnasports amino acuds from the cytoplasm to a ribosme
RNA vs DNA
rna uses Uracil insiteas of thymine
Sugar in RNA is ribose
RNA is smaller
Describe Transcription and translation
TRANSCRIPTION - DNA to mRNA
double helix unravels and sepreates and helcase breaks the hydrogen bonds
mRNA beging to form a complimentary strand and then leaves the nucleaus and goes into the cytoplasm carrying the instructions for protein synthesis to the ribosome
TRANSLATION - mRNA to protein
Robosomes attache to the mRNA and expose one codon at a time, the codon directs the amino acid that should be placed within the protein sequence, the amino acids are attached using their tRNA, anticodons, which are complimentary to the mRNA strand, a peptide bonds forms between the amino acids and eventually the ribosomes come across a stop codon and detaches the protein
What are silent mutations
mutations that have no affect on the amino acid
What are misense mutations
Mutations that result in the substatution of a single amino acid- change a single amino acid
What is a nonsense mutation
A mutation that turns a codon into a stop codon
What is a framshift mutation
deletion or addition of bases
what are the chromosomal mutations
Inversion and translocation
WHat is inversion
reversal of a whole segment of dna within a chromosome
