Reproductive Flashcards
Is the female sex cell is a spermatozoa or a ova
Ova
What type of cells is a sex cell
Haploid cells
How many pairs of chromosomes in a female cell
23
What type of chromosome is in a female
X chromosomes (XX)
What type of chromosome is in a male
Y chromosome (XY)
What makes up the male reproductive system. (3)
Organs
A duct system
Accessory glands
What are the organs in the male reproductive system (3)
Testes
Scrotum
Penis
What are the organs in the male reproductive system
Testes
Scrotum
Penis
What is included in the duct system of a male(5)
epididymis
Testes
vas deferens
ejaculatory duct
Urethra
What are the accessory glands in the male reproductive system (4)
Seminal vesicle
Prostate gland
Cowper glands or bulbourethral
Male reproductive system
What does the vas deferens do
sperm storage and transport organ
Connect epididymis to the urethra
Male reproductive system
What is Urethra
Come from bladder and meets the van deferens at the base of the penis and runs to the outside ofthe penis
Where does sperm travel from (in order)
a) testes, vas deferens, urethra, epididymis, ejaculatory duct and then released out of the penis into urine.
b)Testes, epididymis, vas deferens, urethra ejactulatory duct before being expelled out of the penis during ejaculation
c) Testes, epididymis, ejaculatory duct, vas deferensand urethra and released out of penis by urine
d) Testes, epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra before being expelled out of the penis during ejaculation
d
What is the functions of the male reproductive system
formation of sperm
produce hormone
transmission of sperm to female
When male hormone produce what do they do (2)
Production of gametes
Regulate sexual maturation and development of secondary sex characteristics
what are the five feature in the testes
Ductus deferens
Epidermis
Tunica albuginea
Seminiferous tubule
Tunic vaginalis
what are the five structures in the testes
Ductus deferens
Epidermis
Tunica albuginea
Seminiferous tubule
Tunic vaginalis
Where is sperm produced In the testes called
seminiferous tubule
Where is sperm stored in the testes called
Epidiymis
How many day does it take for sperm to mature
30
What specialised cells are in the testes and what do they do
Laydig cells
Where testosterone is made and synthesised
Testes
What does the tunica vaginalis do
is a membrane that covers the testes
How many testes are there
2
Where are the testes located in the
scrotum
What is the scrotum
A sack of skin that holds the testes
Located outside of the body.
Why is scrotum located outside the body
sperm can be damaged to high temperature
What does the penis do
deliver sperm into the female reproductive tract
What are the three sections in a penis
Penis glans
shaft (outside)
Root (inside)
What are the glans of the penis covered by
skin called foreskin or prepuce which covers the tip of penis
Where does the urethra runs in the penis
Down the centre
The opening if the urethra in the glans called
Urethral meatus
Male reproductive system
Where does the duct system start off at
epididymis
What is the tissue type of the Cylindrical layer
Muscular
Connective
Male reproductive
How long is the epididymis
4cm
where is epididymis located and what is it described as
Lateral side of the testes
Long coiled tube
What does the epididymis do
sperm mature and stored
What happens if sperm is not ejaculated what occurs
sperm die and be absorbed back into the body by phagocytized by epithelial cells
Male reproductive
What happens during ejaculation
Smooth muscle wall of epididymis contract strongly to move sperm from epididymis to vas deferens
What vas deferens also referred as
Ductus deferens
How long are the vas deferens
45cm
Male reproductive
Where is the vas deferens located (4)
runs through spermatic cord
into pelvic cavity
loops medially
depends in the posterior bladder
What is located at the end of the vas deferens that is swollen what is it called
ampulla
Male reproductive
What is the function of the vas deferens
By what waves
propel sperm from epididymis to the ejaculatory duct
peristaltic waves
Male reproductive
What does the urethra carry
Urine and semen
Male reproductive
What are the three sections of the urethra
posterior
membranous
Spongy (penile)
Male reproductive
What section of the urethra is surrounded by prostrate gland
prostatic
Male reproductive
What section of the urethra is in the urogenital diaphragm
Membranous
Male reproductive
What section of the urethra runs through the penis to the external urethral orifice
spongy (penile)
Male reproductive
What is the urethra lined with a and what does it do
mucosa lined
Secrete mucous into lining before ejaculation
Male reproductive
Where is the seminal vesicle located
Behind the bladder
Male reproductive
What is the size of the seminal vesicle
5-7cm
Male reproductive
What does the seminal vesicle do
secretes the fluid that account to 60 to 70% of the volume of sperm.
MAle reproductive
What is located in the seminal vesicle
Duct that joins the vas deferens at the end and where it will deposit fluid to join sperm.
Male reproductive
What does the seminal fluid provide
transport medium for sperm
Nutrition for sperm
Mobility- hormone and enzymes
Coagulation- sticky
decrease cervical mucous
Neutralise acidic condition of vagina
induce contraction of vagina in the fallopian tubes to move sperm towards ova
What is the shape of the prostrate gland and where is it located
doughnut shaped chestnut size
base of the badder, surround proximal segment of the urethra
What does the prostrate gland do
produce secretions in the prostatic urethra via several ducts and makes up majority of the rest of the semen volume
Why are prostrate glands important
help with contractions of the penis from the semen.
what is prostrate secretion
milky and acidic
Male reproductive system
substances can help prostrate secretion do what (2)
make sperm be able to swim better once deposit in the female reproductive tract
prostrate specific antigen that can activate sperm
What can Cowper gland also be called as
Bulbourethral gland
Where are Cowper glands located and size
Below prostrate
pea sized
What does the Cowper gland produce
thick clear mucus that runs into the urethra
What does the Cowper gland secretion fluid do
it neutralised the acidic urine remaining in the urethra
How much is semen is propelled out of the male duct system during ejaculation
small (2-5ml)
What is the average amount of sperm released per ml
50 to 130 million
Male reproductive system
What is the passage of semen assisted by (4)
Ejaculation propel sperm speed- 500cm/second
Accessory gland secretion
Female orgasm
Chemical signals towards oocyte
What is the maximum amount of time does it need to be for sperm to reach Fallopian tubes before degenerate
48 hours
What are the functions of the female reproductive system
formation of eggs
reception of sperm
environment for fertilisation and foetal development
Childbirth
Lactation
What are the female reproductive organs are divide into
External genitalia
internal genitalia
What is located in the external genitalia top to bottom
mon pubis
clitoris
Urethral opening
labia minora
labia majora
vestibule
Hymen (Tore)
perineum
anus
What is the mon pubis
is the pubic area
What is the purpose of the clitoris
covering over it which is the prepuce
What is the labia minora
2 sets of inner skin folds
smaller and hairless
What is the labia majora
2 sets of the outer skin fold
larger with hair
What is the internal genitalia
vagina
Why is the vagina acidic
to prevent infections entering
Why does the vagina have a good vascular supply
by supporting veins and arteries
What is located above the vagina
cervix
What is the structure of the cervix if a girl or women has not had any previous pregnancies
round donut shape with a little round hole
What is the structure of the cervix if a girl or women has had a child
round shape with a slit in the middle
What does the canal in the middle surface of the cervix lead to
uterus
What is the structure of the uterus
Muscular structure
What comes off the uterus
two Fallopian tubes
What is located at the end of the Fallopian tubes
ovaries that are supported by ligaments
What does the ovaries produce
female sex hormones and ova
which one is plural and which one is singular
ova
ovum
ova- plural
ovum- singular
How many eggs is a girl born with
1-2 million eggs in ovaries
Why the amount of eggs left after puberty is so low
due to the eggs degenerate
Female reproduction when hit puberty
What does the ovaries contain
ovarian follicles at various stages of maturity
At day one of the menestrual cycle and what start to happen after
eggs are within immature follicles
the follicles get bigger and are called graphene follicles start to mature
What happens at day 14 menestrual cycle
ovarian follicles have matured and will rupture out of ovary and be absorbed in the fallopian tube
What is left in the ovaries once follicles have been ruptured
structure called corpus lithium
Why is corpus lithium important
produce progesterone
Maturation of the ovarian follicle and ovulation is triggered by what hormones and where are they located
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) produced by anterior pituitary gland.
follicle maturation - Oestrogen produced by ovaries
What two type of tissues are the ovaries made up of
cortex - follicle mature
medulla- centre
What will the ovaries produce once a months that they take turns
one ovarian follicle
What could happen with the maturation of the follicles
two follicles could be matured and released which result in non identical twins
What can menstrual cycle be affected by (3)
hormone
medicine
physical state of a women
How many pregnancy’s a women can have within a life
450 times she will ovulate
How can you know a person is ovulating (2)
monitor temperature increase by one degree
pain
How long are Fallopian tubes
10cm
Where are the fallopian tubes stretch from
stretch from ovary to the fundus of the uterus
What is located at the ovary end of the Fallopian tube
ciliated finger like projection called fimbriae
What does the fimbriae do
guide egg once been ruptured out of ovary into the fallopian tube due to the cilia located
What is located on the uterus end of the fallopian tube
ampulla
What does the ampulla do
fertilisation occurs
How long will it take an ovum from entering the fallopian tube from the ovaries to the uterus
five days
What is the process of moving ovum from ovary to uterus called (2)
Peristalsis
Ciliary movement
What is peristalsis
muscle contractions
What can occur in the Fallopian tubes
blocked or narrow
due to scar tissue
How can scar tissue occur in the Fallopian tube
Infections such as clamydia
Where is the uterus located in
the pelvic cavity
Uterus is made up of three layers what are they
perimetrium (outer)
Myometrium (middle)
Endometrium (inner)
After 12 week a women is pregnant what happens to the uterus
non pregnant is a pelvic organ
12 weeks pregnancy becomes a abdominal organ
What makes up the myometrium (3)
circular muscle fibres
longitudinal muscle fibres
oblique muscle fibres
Why is progesterone important in the menstrual cycle (2)
prepare uterus
nourish and protect zygote ( where sperm and egg join)
Where is the zygote located in the uterus
in the endometrium
Define menstrual layer
collective cyclical changes that occur within the ovaries and uterus apron of 28 days.
What is it called when there is a change in the uterus
uterine cycle
What is it called when there is changes in maturation of follicles
ovarian cycle
What happens at menstrual (day 1-5) of the menstrual cycle
Women gets period
endometrium basal layer is shed
50-150 ml of blood lost
What happens at the proliferation stage (day 4-13) of the menstrual cycle (4)
endometrium starts to grow
spiral arteries form
tubular glands forming
Receptor cells primed
What happens at Day 14 of the menstrual cycle
Ovulation
What happens at the secretory stage (day 15-28) of the menstrual cycle (3)
twisting spiral arteries
Receptors secrete glycogen
endometrium receive the fertilised ovum
What happens if there is no fertilisation and no zygote embedded into the endometrium
degeneration phase
What happens at the degenerative phase
blood supply cut
Lysosomes release and start to digest some of the cells (auto digestion)
end of menstrual cycle
The ovarian cycle has two phase what are they
Follicular phase
Luteal phase
What is the time scale of the follicular phase
Day 1 until ovulation (day14 to day28)
What is the follicular phase (3)
where ovarian follicles are maturing because of the influence of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
The development of follicles increase the amount of oestrogen realeased from the ovaries
Increase oestrogen cause increase lutienzing hormone stimulate ovulation (day14) which stimulate luteal phase.
Female reproductive systemWhat is the timescale of luteal phase
Day of ovulation until day before menstrual flow begin (day28)
Female reproductive system
What happens at the luteal phase
Lutienzing cause development of corpus luteum which secrete progesterone
corpus luteum will degenerate 10 days after ovulation if there is no pregnancy events
When egg is maturing what do you have a lot of
Oestrogen
When egg is released what do you have a lot of
progesterone
What are the six hormones that are important in pregnancy
Human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG)
Oestrogen
Progesterone
prolactin
relaxin
oxytocin
Functions of hormones during pregnancy
What hormone is this
Main corpus lutein and prevent menstruation
hormone that is tested for in pregnancy
Human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG)
Function of hormones during pregnancy
what hormone is this
myocetrial hypotrophy- the muscular part of uterus gets larger
soften pelvic ligaments
enlarge external genitalia
Oestrogen
Function of hormones during pregnancy
what hormone is this
endometrium is receptive for fertilised ovum for zygote
stop uterine contractions in pregnancy
develop alveoli in mammary glands in breast ready for lactation
progesterone
Function of hormones during pregnancy
what hormone is this
provide flexible tissues
Relaxin
Function of hormones during pregnancy
what hormone is this
for uterine contractions during labour
Oxytocin
Function of hormones during pregnancy
what hormone is this
produced after baby born
produce breast milk
inhibit follicle stimulating hormone release and inhibit ovulation
Prolactin
What is a Zygote
initial fertilisation
fusion of gametes, ovum and sperm
First few cell divisions up to 8 cells
Development stage of fertilisation to birth
What is this
Clump of cells that continue mitosis
Morula
Development stage of fertilisation to birth
What is this
at day 4 to 20
inner mass is formed and a bilaminar disc also formed
Blastocyst
Development stage of fertilisation to birth
What is this
Week 9 to birth
fetus
Development stage of fertilisation to birth
What is this
Day 21 to 56
embryo
what is fertilisation
The joining or fusion of sperm and the ova
What does the sperm penetrate through
corona radiate and the zone pellucid before entering in the egg
Once sperm has gone through the eggs layers what will be released from the egg
calcium ions which prevent further sperm to be able to enter into the centre called polyspermy ( fertilise more than one egg)
What does the acrosome of a sperm do in fertilisation
Secrete enzymes that digest the zone pellucida of the egg
What happens when the sperm then binds to the plasma membrane if the egg and enters the cell
genetic information of the sperm fuses with egg nucleus to complete fertilisation
What happens in the uterus when a women in pregnant (3)
Zygote embedded in the endometrium
Nourished by uterine secretions until placenta is established
Placenta secretes progesterone which prevent uterine contraction
What happens in the uterus when a women in pregnant (3)
Zygote embedded in the endometrium
Nourished by uterine secretions until placenta is established
Placenta secretes progesterone which prevent uterine contraction
What happen after 40 week of pregnancy to the uterus
Oestrogen and oxytocin promote uterine contractions
