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Intro Bio II Exam 3 > Reproduction (or, l'Amour) > Flashcards

Reproduction (or, l'Amour) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Reproduction without sex

A

Binary fission (bacteria)

Parthenogenesis - worker bees develop from unfertilized haploid eggs; “virgin” births of komodo dragons

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2
Q

Where Meiosis occurs

A

Gonads (testes and ovaries)

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3
Q

Female Gametogenesis

A

Much more occurs for woman as embryo! All her primary oocytes are formed before she reaches reproductive age.

AS EMBRYO:

  1. Germ cell Dogonium divides via mitosis into oogonia
  2. Meiosis I to create primary oocyte (4N) - every chromosome has a sister chromatid (92 chromatids!!)

AS REPRODUCTIVE ADULT:

  1. Secondary oocyte produced (2N), while first polar body disintegrates
  2. At ovulation egg bursts from ovary! beautiful!
  3. Either the egg is fertilized, resulting in sudden finish of meiosis (1 N), sloughing off second polar body
  4. Or egg goes unfertilized and degenerates

1 primary oogonium results in JUST ONE EGG!

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4
Q

Male Gametogenesis

A

Much less occurs during embryonic development, constantly replenishing germ cells via mitosis during adult reproductive life.

AS EMBRYO:
1. Germ cell spermatogonium divid via mitosis into spermatogenis.

REPRODUCTIVE AGE:

  1. Meiosis begins, creation of primary spermatocyte (4N).
  2. Secondary spermatocytes created, each 2N. Both are preserved.
  3. Meiosis II occurs and they divide into spermatids, which develop into sperm (1N each).

One primary spermatocyte yields 4 sperm.

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5
Q

Sex-Determination of Male

A

SRY gene on Y chromosome determines male development.

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6
Q

Sex-Determination of Female

A

Absence of SRY leads to female development

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7
Q

Androgen Insensitivity

A

XY individual with nonfunctional testosterone receptors. Will have female external genitalia, but internal genitalia is male due to lack of XX dosage.

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8
Q

Path of SRY gene (step by step)

A
  1. SRY gene on Y chromosome
  2. Leads to SRY protein
  3. Which initiates production of multiple proteins that cause gonad medulla to become testis
  4. Testis produce Sertoli Cells and Interstitial cells
  5. Interstitial cells secrete testosterone
  6. Sertoli cells secrete Anti-Mullerian hormone, or MIS
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9
Q

What does testosterone lead to?

A

Development of Wolffian duct into accessory structures: aka vas deferens, internal male reproductive anatomy

Development of male external genitalia (via DHT)

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10
Q

Anti-Mullerian hormone leads to?

A

Regression of Mullerian duct

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11
Q

Mullerian Duct

A

Can either regress or become FEMALE internal genitalia (uterus, fallopian tubes, inner vagina)

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12
Q

Wolffian Duct

A

Can either regress or become MALE internal genitalia (vas deferens, seminal vesicles, etc)

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13
Q

Path of XX gene (step by step)

A
  1. XX chromosomes, no SRY
  2. In absence of SRY, gonads become ovaries
  3. Absence of MIS leads to Mullerian ducts transforming into internal female genitalia
  4. Absence of testosterone leads to regression of wolffish ducts, development of EXTERNAL female characteristics (outer vagina, female external genitalia)
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14
Q

Lack of MIS leads to…

A

Transformation of Mullerian ducts into internal female reproductive organs: uterus, fallopian tubes, inner vagina

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15
Q

Lack of testosterone leads to…

A

Regression of Wolffian ducts

Development of outer vagina, female external genitalia

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16
Q

XX dosage required for…

A

Development of internal genitalia of female, including full fertility (which XO female or XY male with androgen insensitivity cannot have)

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17
Q

Releasing Hormone in control of reproduction

A

GnRH, or the gonadotropin releasing hormone!

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18
Q

GnRH releases…

A

LH, FHS - the gonadotropins - from anterior pituitary

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19
Q

LH

A

Leutenizing hormone
Acts on endocrine cells in gonads, stimulates production of steroid sex hormones, which lead to gamete production

In FEMALES ONLY, leads directly to gamete production

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20
Q

FSH

A

Follicle stimulating hormone

Acts on gonads to, along with steroid hormones, initiate and maintain gametogenesis (both males and females)

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21
Q

Low estrogen / androgen in system

A

Absence of negative feedback occurs and gonadotropins INCREASE

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22
Q

Moderate estrogen / androgen in system

A

Negative feedback results, and gonadotropins DECREASE

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23
Q

High androgen (aka testosterone)

A

Negative feedback, gonadotropins decrease

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24
Q

High estrogen that is sustained

A

Positive feedback!! Gonadotropin levels increase!!

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25
Q

Accessory Glands in Male

A

Seminal vesicle, prostate gland, bulbourethral gland

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26
Q

Site of sperm and hormone production in male

A

Testis

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27
Q

Male reproductive system - anatomy

A

Vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra, penis, epididymis, scrotum, accessory glands

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28
Q

Seminal Vesicle

A

Contribute 60% of sperm volume, including mucus, fructose, coagulating enzyme and prostaglandins

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29
Q

Prostate gland

A

Contributes 30% of sperm volume, secretes prostatic fluid including anticoagulant enzymes and citrate

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30
Q

Bulbourethral gland

A

Secrete clear mucous before ejaculation to neutralize any acidic urine present

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31
Q

Vasectomy

A

Cutting / blocking of vas deferens, such that sperm are still produced in testis but also broken down in testis by macrophages

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32
Q

Anatomy of Testis

A

Epididymis, seminiferous tubule, scrotal cavity, vas deferens

33
Q

Seminiferous tubule

A

Contains spermatogonia capable of becoming sperm and supportive Sertoli cells; spermatagonia undergo both mitosis and meiosis here

34
Q

Sertoli cells

A

Regulate sperm production

35
Q

Cross section of seminiferous tubule

A

Interstitial cells with capillary grounding lumen; sertoli cells helping sperm development, spermatogonium migrating from tubule into lumen, once sperm are created they flagellate backwards into lumen

36
Q

What is semen composed of?

A

Sperm, mucus, water, buffers, nutrients, enzymes, zinc, prostaglandins

37
Q

Sperm in semen

A

These are the gametes, they come from seminiferous tubules

38
Q

Mucus in semen

A

Lubricant, form bulbourethral glands

39
Q

Water in semen

A

Provide liquid medium, from all accessory glands

40
Q

Buffers in semen

A

Neutralize acidic environment of vagina, com from prostate, bulbourethral glands

41
Q

Nutrients in semen

A

Snacks for sperm, include fructose / citric acid / vitamin C / carnitine; come form seminal vesicles, prostate, epididymis

42
Q

Enzymes in semen

A

Clot semen in vagina and liquefy clot, come form seminal vesicles and prostate

43
Q

Zinc in semen

A

Like UFO, function unknown, maybe fertility?
Like UFO, Source also unknown

men are aliens. this is more proof

44
Q

Prostaglandins in semen

A

To aid in smooth muscle contraction and sperm transport, come from seminal vesicles

45
Q

Sperm anatomy

A

Head - contains nucleus, acrosome that contains enzymes to aid fertilizatoin
Mid piece - mitochondrial spiral wound around microtubules, centrioles near nucleus
Tail - flagellum, microtubules

46
Q

Feminization from anabolic steroids

A

Testosterone converted by aromatase into estrogen; also leads to decreased spermatogenesis as testosterone inhibits GnRH and therefore LH / FSH

47
Q

Testosterone feedback loops

A

Produced by interstitial / Leydig cells, inhibits LH, which leads to testosterone, and inhibits GnRH, stopping both LH and FSH secretion

48
Q

Inhibit feedback

A

Produced by sertoli cells, inhibits FSH only

49
Q

Hormonal Control Sperm Production Overview

A
  1. Hypothalamus secretes GnRH
  2. Anterior pituitary secretes FSH, LH
  3. FSH acts on sertoli cells, which lead to cell products, including sperm development, androgen-binding protein, and inhibin
  4. Androgen binding protein needs to bind to testosterone
  5. Inhibin stops ant pit from secreting FSH
  6. LH acts on interstitial cells (Leydig) to secrete testosterone, which has secondary effects in body
  7. Testosterone inhibits LH from ant pit, inhibits GnRH from hypothalamus
50
Q

Puberty

A

Occurs from 12 to 16 years in male, period during which reproductive organs mature and reproduction becomes possible

51
Q

Andropause

A

Steady decrease in testosterone secretion beginning age 40 in men

Testosterone supplements to stop this associated with prostate cancer, heart problems

52
Q

Female reproductive system anatomy

A

Mammary glands, fimbriae, uterus, uterine cavity, fallopian tube, ovary, cervix, cervical canal, vagina

53
Q

Internal female reproductive organs

A

ovaries, vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes, mammary glands

54
Q

Where does fertilization occur?

A

in fallopian tubes, fertilized egg then moves to uterus

55
Q

Function of ovaries

A
  1. Oogenesis (production of oocytes)
  2. Maturation of oocyte
  3. Ovulation
  4. Secretion of female sex steroid hormones
56
Q

Do girls have primary or secondary oocytes?

A

Girls born with diploid primary oocytes in ovaries. In puberty, each month several develop and one becomes a secondary oocyte, but the oocyte is arrested in Metaphase II, will only complete Meiosis II upon fertilization.

57
Q

How do oocytes develop

A

Primary follicles develop, a few become secondary and tertiary follicles. One dominant follicle contains oocyte, at ovulation, ruptures and oocyte released into fallopian tubes.

Corpus luteum forms from ruptured follicle

58
Q

how many primary oocytes does newborn female have

A

2-7 million

we contain multitudes

59
Q

at puberty how many primary oocytes does female have

A

about 0.5 million

rest have degenerated

60
Q

ovarian cycles in lifetime?

A

400-450

61
Q

how many primary oocytes develop per cycle

A

6-12

62
Q

when does menopause occur?

A

around age 50 when few primary oocytes remain

63
Q

when do primary oocytes degenerate?

A

all the time!! this is called atresia, happens regardless of ovulation

64
Q

Phases of ovarian cycle in order

A

Follicular phase then luteal phase

Menses and proliferative (days 0-14), then secretory (14-28)

65
Q

Hormone levels in follicular phase

A

FSH and LH relatively low until peak at end of proliferative phase, leading to ovulation

FSH typically higher than LH, except during day 14 spike

Estrogen secretion from ovaries also peaks around day 14, leading to the spike in LH / FSH

66
Q

Hormone levels in luteal phase

A

FSH and LH low again, but now LH > FSH except at very end of luteal phase

Corpus luteum secretes estrogen, progesterone, inhibit in fluctuating amounts

67
Q

Phases of follicle in ovarian cycle

A

During menses, tertiary follicle
During proliferative phase, dominant follicle
Ovulation occurs, rupture of follicle
Secretory phase, corpus luteum forms from ruptured follicle and secretes hormones
Mature corpus luteum stays because fertilized OR decays away

68
Q

Basal Body Temperature during ovarian cycle

A

Low in follicular phase, then spikes at ovulation and increases by 0.3 degrees C, stays high during secretory phase

Basis of using body temperature to predict ovulation

69
Q

Lining of uterus during ovarian cycle

A

During menses, lining is shed
During proliferative phase, builds up again
During secretory phase, continues to build slightly

70
Q

Summary of ovarian cycle EVERYTHING

A

Follicular:
FSH and LH low until day 14 (FSH > LH), when they spike
Tertiary follicle becomes dominant, ruptures
Estrogen increasing, inhibin and progesterone spike around ovulation
Uterus lining sheds, builds up in proliferative phase

Luteal:
LH > FSH, still low
Progesterone super high, estrogen and inhibit also pretty high, secreted by corpus luteum
Corpus luteum matures and degrades
Uterine lining builds and builds until day 28

71
Q

Hormones during first part of cycle

A

In first part of cycle, low estrogen leads to negative feedback on LH, FSH, and GnRH

However, estrogen promotes estrogen secretion by the follicle, so estrogen levels eventually rise

72
Q

Hormones during ovulation

A

Estrogen levels rise in late follicular phase. Positive feedback occurs when estrogen levels are high, but progesterone is low. Inhibin inhibits the secretion of FSH, so LH in particular rises much more. This is the LH surge.

LH surge triggers final maturation of oocyte and ovulation.

73
Q

LH surge

A

Estrogen levels rising leads to positive feedback, increasing GnRH and therefore LH and FSH. FSH, however, is inhibited by inhibin, whereas LH is only stimulated.

74
Q

What stimulates GnRH in female?

A

High estrogen

Small amount of progesterone

75
Q

What stimulates LH in females?

A

Small amount of progesterone

76
Q

What stimulates FSH in females?

A

Trick question. High estrogen, but only indirectly through GnRH. FSH is largely INHIBITED by inhibin.

77
Q

Hormone pathway female ovulation

A

GnRH releases FSH and LH. LH and FSH both stimulate the follicle.

Granulosa cells release inhibin, high estrogen, and progesterone.

Thecal cells release androgens which in turn stimulate granulosa cells.

Inhibin inhibits only FSH. Estrogen stimulates GnRH. Small amounts of progesterone stimulate GnRH and LH.

78
Q

Hormones during ovarian cycle post-ovulation

A

Luteinization

Cells left behind in ruptured follicle become corpus luteum. These secrete estrogen, progesterone, inhibin, leading to increased levels of each hormone, independent of LH / FSH.

This continues until corpus luteum degrades.

This combination of estrogen, progesterone, inhibin down regulates both GnRH and LH / FSH.

79
Q

Hormones during ovarian cycle at very end

A

Late luteal phase

Corpus luteum dies, stops secreting estrogen, progesterone, inhibin.

GnRH secreted again. FSH stimulates follicular development.

Intro Bio II Exam 3 (8 decks)

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