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Intro Bio II Exam 3 > Hormones > Flashcards

Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

The endocrine system is composed of?

A

All hormone secreting tissues.

  • glands
  • tissues that secrete hormones that are not glands
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2
Q

3 ways that hormones act

A
  • control the rate of enzymatic reactions
  • control the transport of ions or molecules across membranes
  • control gene expression
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3
Q

Endocrine vs. exocrine

A

Endocrine - hormones secreted into the blood and blood carries the hormone to target tissue

Exocrine - hormones secreted into a duct (ex:salivary glands)

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4
Q

4 defining properties of hormones

A
  1. Secreted by cells/group of cells
  2. Secreted into the blood
  3. Transported by the blood to a distant target
  4. Act at very low concentrations
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5
Q

Phermones

A

Secreted and act on other individuals

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6
Q

3 categories of hormones

A

Peptides, proteins and glycoproteins

Steroids

Amines (based on tyrosine and tryptophan)

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7
Q

Where are peptide hormones made?

A

Peptide hormones are encoded for in the genome and translated. They are stored in vesicles until needed.

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8
Q

Where are steroid hormones made?

A

Produced in the smooth ER and made on demand from cholesterol

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9
Q

Example of a hormone that controls the transports of ions across the membrane

A

ADH

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10
Q

Example of a hormone that controls gene expression

A

Aldosterone

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11
Q

Where do endocrine glands secrete into?

A

Blood (global)

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12
Q

Where do exocrine glands secrete into?

A

Duct (local)

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13
Q

What is a molecule possesses SOME but not ALL of defining characteristics of hormones?

A

Classified as something similar but different: cytokine, growth factor, etc

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14
Q

Ectohormones

A

Another term for pheromone; ecto means “external”

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15
Q

Where / how are amine hormones made?

A

These include catecholamines and thyroid hormones

Made in advance and stored in vesicles (like peptide hormones)

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16
Q

Steps for secreting a peptide hormone

A
  1. mRNA on RER ribosome creates preprohormone
  2. Signal sequence of amino acids moves preprohormone into RER lumen
  3. Enzymes in ER chop off signal sequence, making prohormone
  4. Prohormone passes from ER in vesicle to Golgi
  5. Vesicles containing enzymes and pro hormones bud off golgi: enzymes inside continue to alter pro hormone into one or more active peptides plus peptide fragments
  6. Vesicle release contents by exocytosis into extracellular space
  7. Hormone is in circulation!!
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17
Q

Preprohormone

A

Peptide chain that will ultimately become a pro hormone and then a hormone; contains amino acid signaling sequence which directs it into the ER lumen

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18
Q

Prohormone

A

Inactive version of a hormone which passes through ER / Golgi: once altered by enzymes, becomes hormone

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19
Q

Signaling Sequence of Preprohormone

A

mRNA signal sequence indicates that this peptide needs to be translated at the RER; amino acid signal sequence indicates that peptide should continue into RER lumen

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20
Q

Proteolytic Cleavage

A

What peptides undergo to become active hormone (enzymatic chopping off of unnecessary bits)

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21
Q

From Proinsulin to Insulin

A
  1. Peptide chain creates disulfide bonds between two terminal strands of peptide sequence for insulin
  2. The middle part is chopped off to become a C-peptide, aka a peptide fragment
  3. And you’re left with working insulin!
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22
Q

What is our CLASSIC Model for the difference between STEROID and PEPTIDE hormones? (And is this classic model completely correct?)

A

STEROID HORMONES - diffuse through lipid bilayer to cytosolic or nucleoplasmic receptor, altering transcription / translation ; SLOW RESPONSE

PEPTIDE HORMONES - bind to cell surface receptor, allowing influx of ions / second messenger system / phosphorylation cascade ; FAST RESPONSE

Not completely correct! Hydrophilic hormones can alter transcription and steroid hormones can have immediate effects.

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23
Q

Receptors used by Peptide Proteins (and examples)

A

GPCR – ex., glucagon, ADH

Tyrosine Kinase – ex., insulin

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24
Q

How long should we wait if a signaling hormone binds to a cytoplasmic / nuclear receptor before we see effects?

A

About 90 minutes, the length of the central dogma

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25
WHERE are steroid hormones made?
ALWAYS the Smooth ER, and primarily in either... 1. Adrenal Cortex 2. Gonads Synthesized from cholesterol!
26
EXAMPLES of steroid hormones
Estradiol (ovary) Estrone Cortisol Aldosterone
27
DHEA leas to the production of what intermediate products and hormones?
DHEA to Androstenedione to estrone to estradiol DHEA to testosterone which can become Dihydrotestosterone or Estradiol Enzymes involves: Aromatase
28
What does progesterone lead to?
Corticosterone, which becomes aldosterone Enzyme: 21-hydroxylase
29
What three things is cholesterol used for?
1. Steroid hormones 2. Phospholipid Bilayer 3. Bile salts!
30
Do you need to eat fat to get cholesterol?
No, your body can synthesize from acetyl groups and paste into long fatty acids
31
Famous Catecholamines
Dopamine, Norepinephrine, epinephrine
32
Famous Thyroid Hormones
Thyroxidine (T4), Triiodothyronine (T3)
33
How are thyroid hormones different from catecholamines CHEMICALLY? How are they the same CHEMICALLY?
BOTH use tyrosine as a precursor Catecholamines include ONE TYROSINE and ONE AMINE group Thyroid hormones are made from TWO TYROSINES and several IODINE atoms
34
Other than binding to a target, what can happen to a hormone once in circulation in the blood?
PATH A: Excreted in urine or feces PATH B: Inactivated by metabolism PATH C: ACTIVATED by metabolism! Only Path C leads to binding
35
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
Secreted in response to low plasma calcium levels in order to increase plasma calcium
36
Simple Endocrine Reflex Pathway of Parathyroid Hormone
1. Low plasma calcium 2. Parathyroid cell secretes parathyroid hormone into blood 3. Reaches bone and kidney 4. Up bone resorption / breakdown, up kidney reabsorption of calcium, produce calcitriol to up intestinal absorption of calcium 5. Final result: INCREASE IN PLASMA CALCIUM NEGATIVE FEEDBACK LOOP: High concentrations of plasma calcium SHUT OFF the pathway.
37
Bone Resorption
Breakdown of bone to liberate calcium in the blood
38
Reflex Pathway
Does not have to go to the brain in CNS; only goes to the SPINE, much faster response
39
Simple Endocrine Pathway for Insulin
1. Three signals can arrive to tell the pancreas to increase glucose: A. Increase blood glucose B. Stretch receptor in digestive tract talk to CNS, and efferent neurons signal to pancreas C. Glucose in lumen uptakes by small cells to produce GLP-1, which signals to pancreases 2. Pancreas produces insulin 3. Released into blood to target tissues 4. Glucose is taken up by cells 5. Blood glucose decreases, SHUTS OFF PATHWAY A
40
GLP-1
Glucagon-peptide 1, secreted by endocrine cells of small intestine in response to glucose in the lumen Signals to pancreas to secrete insulin
41
How the NS interfaces with the endocrine system
Central Nervous System talks to 1. Autonomic NS 2. Hypothalamus
42
How autonomic NS interfaces with endocrine system
ONE NEURON RELAY from CNS to adrenal medulla, secreting epinephrine (only excitatory!! ++++) TWO NEURON RELAY from CNS to endocrine gland cell, to secrete a hormone (can send excitatory or inhibitory signal, aka +++ or ---)
43
How hypothalamus interfaces with endocrine system
TWO STEP: RELEASING HORMONE can signal to ANTERIOR PITUITARY, which then secretes hormones (+++ or ---) ONE STEP: Neuronal axons in the POSTERIOR PITUITARY can secrete hormones directly
44
Pituitary Gland
Two fused glands that are completely different! Anterior Pituitary + Posterior Pituitary
45
Anterior Pituitary
A true endocrine gland: receives hormone signal from hypothalamus, then secretes its own hormones
46
Posterior Pituitary
Extension of the neural tissue of the brain: the hypothalamus extends cell bodies into this area and secretes hormones directly
47
Infundibulum
The stalk that connects the pituitary to the brain
48
Hypothalamus + Posterior Pituitary (Purpose and Action)
The frontier between the NS and endocrine system Secretes NEUROHORMONES: specifically oxytocin and vasopressin/ADH (very chemically similar!)
49
Purpose of oxytocin
Social, sexual, and maternal behaviors Milk release, uterine contractions during delivery of baby, cuddling????? autism????
50
Purpose of vasopressin/ADH
Retain water
51
Neurohormone
Hormones synthesized in and released by neurons: ONLY OCCURS IN POSTERIOR PITUITARY! (check that -- is it only in the posterior pituitary? ask Wien)
52
Tropic/Trophic Hormone
A hormone that controls the release of another hormone
53
How hormones are secreted from anterior pituitary
1. Neurons from hypothalamus secrete RELEASING hormones 2. Portal vessels carry to anterior pituitary, where they act on endocrine cells 3. Endocrine cells release PEPTIDE HORMONES (mostly TROPIC HORMONES) into second set of capillaries
54
Portal vessels
Vessels that carry releasing hormones from hypothalamus to ANTERIOR pituitary, where they trigger the release of other hormones (mostly tropic hormones)
55
How many hormones does the anterior pituitary secrete??
Just six!
56
What are the hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary and where does each go?
1. Prolactin (mammary glands) 2. GH (musculoskeletal system) 3. TSH (thyroid gland) 4. ACTH (adrenal cortex) 5 & 6. LH and FSH (ovary, testis: GONADS)
57
Difference between RELEASING and TROPIC hormones?
RELEASING hormones is the term we will use for hypothalamic hormones TROPIC is the term we use for anterior pituitary hormones
58
The ONE anterior pituitary hormone that is NOT a tropic hormone
Prolactin Goes directly to breast, does not release a different hormone!
59
What are the ONLY two hormones that go to both MANY tissues AND germ cells?
Androgens and estrogens, progesterone
60
Definition of complex endocrine pathway
Involves series of hormones that lead to release of hormones and finally a response Hormones of the pathways serve as negative feedback signals
61
Example of complex endocrine pathway
1. Stimulus talks to hypothalamus 2. Release of releasing hormone to anterior pituitary 3. Anterior pituitary releases tropic hormone SHORT LOOP NEG FEEDBACK: Tropic hormone inhibits hypothalamus! 4. Tropic hormone talks to endocrine gland, which releases its own hormone LONG LOOP NEG FEEDBACK: Endocrine gland hormone inhibits BOTH anterior pituitary AND hypothalamus 5. Hormone talks to target issue, leading to response
62
Short Loop Negative Feedback
When a tropic hormone inhibits the release of a releasing hormone (only one step apart)
63
Long Loop Negative Feedback
When hormone from endocrine gland prevents release of 1. releasing hormone and 2. tropic hormone
64
What is the purpose of having both short- and long-loop negative feedback?
To finetune regulation
65
Cortisol Secretion Step-by-step
1. Hypothalamus secretes CRH (releasing hormone) 2. Anterior pituitary secretes ACTH (tropic hormone) 3. Adrenal cortex secretes cortisol LONG LOOP NEG FEEDBACK: Cortisol inhibits CRH and ACTH 4. Cortisol talks to target tissue, response
66
Three types of endocrine disorders
1. Hyposecretion 2. Hypersecretion 3. Hypo or hyper responsiveness
67
Hyposecretion
Undersecretion of hormone Common, easily treated with exogenous hormones
68
Hypersecretion
Oversecretion of hormone Usually caused by hormone-secreting tumor, more difficult to treat
69
Hypo or hyper responsiveness
Receptor binding / activation issue (enough signal, but the signal isn't being received) Signaling pathway broken (receptor is fine, but signal still cannot be received)
70
Complications of exogenous hormone treatment
Still have negative feedback pathway even though the ultimate gland is secreting no hormone! So if adrenal cortex won't secrete cortisol, giving it through a pill will result in DECREASE of CRH and ACTH This is why you have to be weaned off exogenous hormone drugs : your body has down-regulated the entire supply chain
71
Cortisol case study: Pathology in adrenal cortex indicated by...?
HIGH cortisol, LOW CRH / ACTH Cortisol is high and therefore negative feedback loops working, but no longer requires the releasing / tropic hormones to signal
72
Cortisol case study: Pathology in anterior pituitary indicated by...?
HIGH cortisol, HIGH ACTH, LOW CRH CRH should signal to anterior pituitary, but does not require CRH signal to stimulate pathway
73
Cortisol case study: Pathology in hypothalamus indicated by...?
HIGH cortisol, HIGH ACTH, HIGH CRH CRH should be shut off by high cortisol! But if high cortisol and still high CTH, that is a problem
74
Hyposecretion Disorder
You will have HIGH levels of hormone early in pathway, yet no hormone ultimately produced
75
Synergistic Effect of Hormones
Glucagon alone will not lead to high blood glucose, nor will epinephrine alone But glucagon + cortisol + epinephrine leads to VERY HIGH blood glucose levels So stress + diabetes = problem!
76
Thyroid Hormones
Made in advance and PRECURSOR is stored in secretory vesicles, released by modification and simple diffusion Bound to carrier proteins, act like a steroid hormone because diffuse into cell for intra-cellular receptor, triggering transcription / translation Triggers creation of new proteins
77
Catecholamines
Made in advance and stored in vesicles, released via EXOCYTOSIS Dissolved in blood plasma, bind to receptor on cell surface, activate second messenger systems Triggers modification of existing proteins
78
What do you need to decide dosage of a drug?
Half-life of drug / hormone in system

Intro Bio II Exam 3 (8 decks)

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