Reproduction In Vertebrae & Strategies

Question 1

Internal fertilization

Answer 1

Occurs when sperm cells from male is transferred into female to fuse with ovum by copulation

Question 2

Advantages of internal fertilisation

Answer 2

Ensures sperm cell comes into contact with ovum
Developing Embryo is protected from predators
Developing Embryo is removed from harsh environments

Question 3

Disadvantages of internal fertilisation

Answer 3

Fewer eggs are produced
The animal must have copulatory organ to insert sperm cells into female body

Question 4

External fertilisation

Answer 4

Fertilisation occurs outside of body where male and female gamete are released into the water and sperm cell swims /is carried to the ovum.

Question 5

Disadvantage of external fertilisation

Answer 5

Does not have a protective shell
Requires a moist environment as it dries easily
Many eggs end up not being fertilized

Question 6

Advantage of external fertilisation

Answer 6

Water prevents egg from drying out
Water allows sperm cell to swim towards egg
Has a jelly like substance to protect developing Embryo
Has a jelly like substance that allows exchange of gases between Embryo & water
Ovums and sperm produced in large amounts

Question 7

Ovipary

Answer 7

Egg laying animals

Question 8

How does ovipary work

Answer 8

Eggs are laid and development of organism is completed inside the ovum.
Some eggs are protected by a hard shell while others are protected by jelly like layer
Seem in frogs, insects, birds

Question 9

Advantages of ovipary

Answer 9

Ova & sperm cells are produce in large numbers to increase chances of survival to adulthood
Parental care ensures survival to adulthood

Question 10

Disadvantages of ovipary

Answer 10

Mortality rate is high
Much energy is invested for parental care

Question 11

Ovovivipary

Answer 11

Animals that produce Ovums kept in their bodies until they hatch (body temperature keeps them warm until they hatch)
No connection between mother & egg & some examples include some snakes, lizards, sharks

Question 12

Advantages of ovovivipary

Answer 12

Young one is protected from cold & predators to ensure survival
Young one can develop to a fairly large size before birth

Question 13

Disadvantages of ovovivipary

Answer 13

Fewer offspring are born
More energy is used by female carrying the eggs

Question 14

Vivipary

Answer 14

Animals that give birth to live young offspring
A connection exists between developing foetus & mother
Examples are dogs and humans

Question 15

Advantages of vivipary

Answer 15

Temperature is regulated by mother
Mother provides nutrition
Mortality rate is lower
Embryo is protected by mothers body
More efficient development as nutrients are received for longer period from mothers blood through placenta

Question 16

Disadvantages of vivipary

Answer 16

Number of offspring produced is few
More energy is used to provide parental care

Question 17

Amniotic egg

Answer 17

A membrane that exists in oviparous Vertebrates that surrounded Embryo

Question 18

Structure of amniotic egg

Answer 18

Shell
Amniotic cavity
Amnion
Albumen
Allantois
Chorion
Embryo
Yolk
Yolk sac

(SAAAACEYY)

Question 19

Amnion

Answer 19

Encloses Embryo

Question 20

Albumen

Answer 20

A white, soft, runny substance rich in protein which supplies water to Embryo

Question 21

Yolk

Answer 21

Serves as the food supply for Embryo

Question 22

Chalaza

Answer 22

Support Yolk
Anchors Yolk
Allows Yolk to rotate and keep germinal disc on top side, close to hens body

Question 23

Germinal disc

Answer 23

Small pale spot where Embryo will develop

Question 24

Shell

Answer 24

Waterproof Layer providing protection but allows porous gases. The air space is below and assists with exchange of gases into & from egg

Question 25

Allantois

Answer 25

Stores excretory products from Embryo
Provide transport for gases absorbed from air space

Question 26

Chorion

Answer 26

Surrounds all other membranes

Question 27

What is altricial development

Answer 27

Where the young are helpless at birth and need considerable parental care. Without this care they would not survive

Question 28

Characteristics of Altricial development

Answer 28

Characteristics of Altricial development species
Spends its time developing before being born but tend to grow faster & develop after birth
Small bodies, shorter life cycle

Question 29

What is precocial development

Answer 29

Precocial development

The young are born with a high degree of independence able to walk, run, swim.

Question 30

Characteristics of precocial development

Answer 30

Characteristics

Important to avoid predators
Large bodies, breed less
Spend more time developing before birth & so are more alert & physically developed at birth.
Common for prey species as development depends on it

Question 31

What is parental care

Answer 31

Parental Care

Providing a nurturing & protected environment in which the young can grow & develop.

More energy & time required
Give rise to few offspring

Question 32

Relationship between Altruism and parental care

Answer 32

Relationship between Altruism & parental care
The young of altricial species are helpless & therefore need this care which is why this behavior is better developed in altricial species

Question 33

Advantages of amniotic egg

Answer 33

Resistant to dehydration. Oviparous animals can move into various environments.
Protected by number of membranes
Allow animals to evolve into bigger forms & better protect themselves