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Life Science > Reproduction In Humans > Flashcards

Reproduction In Humans Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Sexual Reproduction

A

Reproduction that occurs with use of gametes

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2
Q

Puberty

A

Period during which sexual maturity occurs

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3
Q

Gametogenesis

A

Process where gametes are produced from germinal epithelium of male & female gonads

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4
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

Process where spermatozoa are produced from germinal epithelial of testes

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5
Q

Oogenesis

A

Process where ova are produced from germinal epithelium of ovary

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6
Q

Menstrual cycle

A

Changes that occur in ovary & uterus of a female over a period of 28 days

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7
Q

Ovulation

A

Process where ovum is released from Grafiaan follicle of ovary

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8
Q

Uterine cycle

A

Changes that occur in walls of uterus as it thickens until menstruation occurs

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9
Q

Oestregen

A

Hormone secreted by Grafiaan follicle & is responsible for thickening of endometrium

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10
Q

Endometrium

A

Lining of uterus

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11
Q

Menstruation

A

Discharge of blood & other material from lining of uterus at intervals of about one month

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12
Q

Gestation period

A

(pregnancy)
Period where Embryo develops in uterus until baby is born

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13
Q

Foetus

A

Name given to Embryo when it reaches 12 weeks

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14
Q

Chorion

A

Outermost membrane around foetus

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15
Q

Amnion

A

Membrane found inside chorion

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16
Q

How does Puberty in males & females begin

A

When GnRH stimulates the anterior pituary gland to secrete :
FSH
LH
Secondary sexual characteristics

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17
Q

Follicle Stimulating Hormone in males

A

Stimulates testes to produce sperm

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18
Q

Luteinising Hormone in males

A

Stimulates testes to produce testosterone

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19
Q

Secondary sexual characteristics caused by testosterone

A

Development of muscles & broad shoulders, public hair, beard, deep voice, larger testes & penis
Development & functioning of prostate gland, seminal vesicles & cowpers gland

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20
Q

FSH in females

A

Stimulates a follicle in ovary to develop & secrete oestregen

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21
Q

LH in females

A

Stimulates development of corpus luteum in ovary to secret progesterone

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22
Q

Secondary characteristics in females

A

Growth of public hair, breasts
Onset of menstruation

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23
Q

What is the male reproductive system made of

A

Tubes
Glands
Organs

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24
Q

Scrotum.

A

Sac that holds testes

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25
Q

Testes

A

Male reproductive organ that produce sperm cells

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26
Q

Epididymis

A

Tube where spermatozoa mature

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27
Q

Prostate gland

A

Where ejaculatory duct passes through & meets urethra & produces & releases highly alkaline mucus secretion

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28
Q

Vas deferens

A

Sperm duct that stores sperm for a few hours to 42 days
And carries sperm from epididymis to ejaculatory ducts

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29
Q

Seminal vesicles

A

Secretes a slightly alkaline mucus which serves as food source for sperm as it contains fructose

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30
Q

Cowpers gland

A

Secretes an alkaline secretion that cleanses urethra & lubricates penis

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31
Q

Urethra

A

Tube that carries ejaculate out of body

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32
Q

Penis

A

External organ made up of spongy tissue that delivers sperm into females body

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33
Q

Testes

A

Male gonads that lie outside abdominal cavity

34
Q

Seminiferous tubules

A

Small tubules lined by germinal epithelium responsible for production of spermatozoa

35
Q

Cells of Sertoli

A

Specialized cells rich in glycogen found in seminiferous tubules

36
Q

Glycogen purpose in Cells of Sertoli

A

Form of glucose to provide nutrients for energy for sperm to swim

37
Q

Interstitial /leydig cells

A

Found between seminiferous tubules to secrete testosterone

38
Q

Function of epididymis

A

Stores sperm for 2-3 months

39
Q

Ejaculatory duct

A

Carries sperm & secretions of glands /semen

40
Q

Urethra

A

Tube that transports sement and urine

41
Q

Accessory organs & purpose

A

Cowpers gland
Seminal vesicles
Prostate glands
Pour their secretions into vas deferens & ejaculatory ducts

42
Q

Function of semen

A

Promotes movement of sperm by helping them swim vigorously
Provides sperm with nutrients to keep them alive

43
Q

Function of sperm tail

A

Swim towards ovum

44
Q

Function of nucleas in sperm

A

Carries genetic info. from males to fuse with ovum nucleas to produce offspring

45
Q

Function of mitochondria

A

Releases energy for tail to move

46
Q

Function of acrosome

A

Releases energy to penetrate ovum

47
Q

Sterilization

A

An operation which prevents conception permanently

48
Q

Vasectomy

A

Sterilization of a man

49
Q

Why testes are found outside abdominal cavity

A

Maintain temperature of testes at 35 degrees Celsius to ensure production of sperm cells can occur

50
Q

Ovary

A

Female gonads responsible for production of ova, oestregen & progesterone

51
Q

Germinal epithelium in females

A

Lines ovary & produces follicles that secrete oestrogen & progesterone

52
Q

Fallopian tubes & significance

A

Tubes that transport the ovum from the ovary to uterus
Pathway for sperms to reach ovum
Fertilisation occurs
Has cilia & muscular to love ovum to uterus

53
Q

Uterus functions

A

Embryo attaches /becomes implanted to uterus lining
Embryo develops inside it
Muscles for contraction during birth

54
Q

Cervix functions

A

Allow menstrual blood to flow into the vagina
Direct the path of sperm into uterus for fertilisation
Becomes blocked by mucus when pregnant to avoid infections

55
Q

Vagina function

A

Penis is inserted to deposit sperm
Passageway for menstrual blood
Serves as birth canal

56
Q

What does the anterior pituary gland in males release

A

FSH
LH

57
Q

Where is Gonodotropin releasing hormone released

A

Hypothalamus to stimulate pituary gland

58
Q

Interstitial /Leydig cells in males role

A

Releases testosterone which stimulates spermatogenesis associated with sex drive & ssc

59
Q

Sertoli cells significance

A

Releases inhibin which feeds developing sperm cells
Also slows FSH & LH if required

60
Q

Menstrual Cycle cycles

A

Ovarian cycle (leading to production of ova in ovary)
Uterine cycle (prepares lining of uterus to receive fertilised egg in uterus)

61
Q

Follicular phase

A
  1. FSH released
  2. Primary follicle develops for about 10 days into graafian follicle
  3. Follicle produces oestregen
  4. Oestregen thickens endometrium
62
Q

Days of Menstrual cycle changes

A

1-4: menstruation
4- 14: follicular phase
14: ovulation
15-28: luteal phase

63
Q

Luteal phase

A

Day 15-16: corpus luteum formed, progesterone peak & oestregen
Endometrium increase to receive fertilised egg cell
Day 23-28: Unfertised ovum results in shrinking corpus luteum, progesterone stop

64
Q

What happens during day 23-28 when ovum has been fertilized

A

Corpus luteum remains active
Progesterone still secreted
Follicles no longer develop in ovaries
Menstrual Cycle stops & menstruation doesn’t begin

65
Q

Copulation

A

Sperms deposited into vagina through sexual intercourse

66
Q

How is it possible for only one sperm to penetrate ovum

A

A fertilisation membrane forms around ovum acting as a barrier soon after sperm enters

67
Q

Steps to fertilisation

A

Copulation
Sperm penetrates ovum
Ovum releases fertilisation membrane
Neck & tail of sperm break of
Sperm nucleas enters Ovums nucleas

68
Q

How does the egg travel when released from ovary

A
  1. Egg released
  2. Egg picked up by funnel of oviduct
  3. Eggmoved along oviduct by cilia
  4. Sperm fertilizes egg
69
Q

How is the uterine wall structurally developed for its function

A

Thick
Vascular
Glandular
For implantation

70
Q

Role of oestrogen and progesterone in implantation

A

Oestregen ensures endometrium is thickened
Progesterone ensures pregnancy is maintained by ensuring Embryo remains attached to uterine wall

71
Q

Formation of embryo

A
  1. Sperm & Ovum
  2. Fertilisation forms zygote
  3. 2 cell stage
  4. 4 cell stage
  5. Morula
  6. Blastula
  7. Gastrula
  8. Blastocyst
  9. Embryo
72
Q

Implantation

A

Embryo attaches to wall of uterus

73
Q

Development of embryo within time frame

A

14 days after fertilization: Small about 1mm
2. 4 weeks old: cor shaped 5 mm, formation begins
3. 12 weeks: resembles human 75 mm foetus

74
Q

Placenta

A

Life support machine of developing Embryo providing :
Oxygen & food
Removing toxic materials & CO2

75
Q

How placenta is structurally developed for function

A

Many villi:
Stick into blood spaces of uterus wall
Mothers blood circulates through these.

76
Q

Role of placenta

A

Attaches foetus to mother
Allows for diffusion of dissolved food & oxygen to foetus
Allows for diffusion of nitrogenous waste & CO2 from foetus to mother
Secretes own progesterone after 12 weeks

77
Q

Umbilical cord significance

A

Attaches placenta to Embryoand has vessels:
Umbilical artery (urea & CO2 from foetus)
Umbilical vein (glucose, H2O, slats, amino acids, vitamins, fatty acids & glycerol)

78
Q

How does blood of mother not make direct contact with foetus

A

Blood separated by walls of chronic villi which extended into maternal sinuses(blood filled spaces).

79
Q

Amniotic fluid funtion

A

Shock absorber for mechanical injury
Maintains temp range
Allows free movement

80
Q

Umbilical cord vessels

A

1 artery: carries blood with less oxygen and nitrogenous waste from foetus to placenta

  1. Vein carries blood in oxygen & food to foetus

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