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DNA Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid is the hereditary material in humans and almost all other organisms.

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2
Q

DNA profile

A

A bar code pattern from DNA unique to each organism

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3
Q

Hydrogen bond

A

Weak bond between nitrogenous bases in DNA molecule

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4
Q

Nuclear pores

A

Openings in nuclear membrane that allow mRNA to leave nucleas.

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5
Q

Peptide bond

A

Name of bond that forms between amino acids in protein molecule

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6
Q

Replication

A

Process by which DNA molecule makes identical copies of itself

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7
Q

Ribose

A

Type of sugar found in an RNA molecule

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8
Q

Transcription

A

Stage of protein synthesis during which mRNA forms from DNA

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9
Q

Translation

A

Stage of protein synthesis during which tRNA interprets the message on the mRNA to form a specific protein

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10
Q

tRNA/transfer RNA

A

Type of nucleic acid that carries a specific amino acid

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11
Q

Uracil

A

Nitrogenous base found only in RNA molecules

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12
Q

Deoxyribose

A

A sugar molecule found in a nucleotide of DNA

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13
Q

Function of DNA

A

Stores an organisms genetic info
Controls the production of proteins.

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14
Q

Where DNA is located

A

Cell nucleas (nuclear DNA)
Mitochondrion (mitochondrial DNA /mtDNA)
Chloroplast (Chloroplastic DNA)

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15
Q

DNA structure (nucleotide)

A

Deoxyribose sugar, nitrogenous base, phosphate

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16
Q

Nitrogenous bases & types

A

Divided into 2 groups which are pyramidines (thymine & cytosine) & purines (adenine & guanine)

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17
Q

Why does a purine not bond with purine & pyramidine not bond with a pyramidine

A

Only a pyramidine & purine pairing has width consistent with DNA
Purine+purine is too wide
Pyramidine+pyramidine is too narrow

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18
Q

Shape of dna

A

Double helix

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19
Q

DNA supercoiling

A

Refers to the over & under winding of strands.
Important for DNA packaging within all cells & reduces the space & allows for much more DNA to be packaged.

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20
Q

Complementary base pairing

A

When a specific pyramidine base bonds with a specific purine base

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21
Q

Why DNA is called a polymer

A

It is made up of many nucleotides bonded together

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22
Q

Nucleotide

A

Building blocks/monomers of nucleic acids

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23
Q

DNA & RNA difference

A

RNA has : uracil
DNA has: thymine instead
RNA has: ribose sugar
DNA has: deoxyribose
RNA has a single stranded molecule
DNA has a double stranded molecule

24
Q

Polynucleotide

A

A very long molecule made up of a string of repeating nucleotides

25
Q

Rung

A

Complementary bases joined together in a nucleotide

26
Q

Non coding DNA

A

DNA that does not code for the production of proteins (some regions of DNA between genes of chromosome do not code)

27
Q

Chromosome

A

A threadlike molecule of DNA made up of many gened

28
Q

3 DNA Replication purposes

A

Produce another molecule that is exactly the same
Keep genetic info. constant as it passes down to next generation
Daughter cells to have same no. of chromosomes & genetically identical chromosomes

29
Q

What happens when cells are genetically different

A

They don’t work together because they do not recognize each other as being part of same organism

30
Q

Mutation

A

When nitrogenous bases are paired incorrectly :

  1. Enzymes proof read molecule to double check if NB are paired correctly
  2. Nucleotide is removed & replaced with correct one
31
Q

DNA replication process

A

1) An enzyme cause DNA molecule to unwind
2) The enzyme (polymerase) breaks weak complementary hydrogen bonds cause DNA to unzip
3) each original DNA strand acts as a template
4) Free floating nucleotides containing NB attaches itself to template strands (A-T, C-G).
5) Free DNA nucleotides are lined up and join to form a new polynucleotide chain.
6) Results in 2 identical DNA molecules

32
Q

DNA profile

A

Procedure used to identify an individuals unique DNA pattern

33
Q

What can DNA profile be used for

A

To determine paternity +maternity
Identify dead people
Identify organ donors
Solve crimes

34
Q

Reliability of DNA profiling

A

Each individual has unique DNA profile unless they have an identical twin

35
Q

Which sources can DNA be derived from

A

Semen
Blood
Hair root
Skin
Saliva

36
Q

Why DNA profiling evidence may be unreliable

A

Only small Amt of samples available
Human error: collecting/processing samples
Planting false evidence

37
Q

Franklin Rosalind role in discovery of dna

A

Was working on xray diffraction patterns on dna to see what the xray diffraction patterns of DNA would look like

38
Q

Wilkens role in DNA history

A

Partner of Franklin who gave her unpublished photographs & measurements to James Watson & Francis crick.

39
Q

James Watson & Francis crick role in DNA history

A

Used unpublished photographs & measurements by Franklin to workout correct structure or DNA
They deduced that it was a double helix, the width of DNA, space between NB & discovered bonds between bases. A-T had 2 bonds & C - G had 3 bonds

40
Q

Who was awarded Nobel prize

A

Watson, Crick and Wilkens were handed Nobel prize in 1962 but Franklin had already died in 1958

41
Q

Uses of DNA replication in biotechnology

A

Cloning cells in tissue culture
DNA profiling
Paternity & maternity testing
Gene splicing
Genetic counseling

42
Q

Protein Synthesis importance

A

Building blocks of cells
Control chemical reactions
Form antibodies
Transport material to & from cells

43
Q

What process attaches amino acids

A

Dehydration synthesis
(One amino acid is attached to another & some water is released)
Peptide bonds

44
Q

Types of RNA

A

Messenger RNA
Ribosomal RNA
Transfer RNA

45
Q

mRNA

A

Carries instructions from DNA I’m nucleas to ribosome

46
Q

rRNA

A

Combines with proteins to form ribosome (protein made here)

47
Q

tRNA

A

Transfers amino acid to ribosome as it is specified by coded messages in the mRNA during construction of protein l

48
Q

Codon

A

Set of 3 adjacent nucleotides (in dna/mRNA) that designates a specific amino acid to be included into a polypeptide

49
Q

Protein Synthesis

A

Process during which proteins are made beginning in nucleas and ending in ribosome.

50
Q

Stages of protein synthesis

A

1) Transcription
2) Translation

51
Q

Transcription

A

Process that takes place in nucleas where DNA provides code to make mRNA

52
Q

Translation

A

Process in cytoplasm where RNA results in production of protein

53
Q

Process of Protein Synthesis

A

1 Enzymes control process
2 Double helix unwinds
3 Weak HB break, strands unzip at required gene (from start to stop codon for gene)
4 One strand acts as template for formation of mRNA
5 Free RNA nucleotides from nucleoplasm attach to complementary bases on dna forming mRNA
6 mRNA moves out of nucleas

54
Q

tRNA role in translation

A

Picks up specific free amino acids which aren’t coded for from cytoplasm
Carries the amino acids to ribosome
TRNA attaches itself TO mRNA in complementary manner uses nitrogenous bases an template on ribosome
Amino acid bones together with Peptide bond to form protein molecule
tRNA detaches from mRNA & can be used to bring more amino acids to ribosome

55
Q

Protein molecule

A

Amino acids bonded together with Peptide bond producing polypeptide chain until last amino acid is bonded

Life Science (4 decks)

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