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Biology > Reproduction in Plants > Flashcards

Reproduction in Plants Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Sexual Reproduction definition

A

a fusion of 2 compatible gametes or sex cells

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2
Q

end of vegetative stage =?

A

start of reproductive

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3
Q

specialized reproductive structure

A

flower

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4
Q

flower function

A

produce haploid gametes

ensure fertilization takes place

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5
Q

flower whorls

A

androecium
gynoecium
calyx
corolla

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6
Q

2 main events in sexual reproduction

A

meiosis + fusion of gametes

production of dissimilar plants

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7
Q

variation is important because?

A

evolution of species

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8
Q

3 steps in sexual reproduction

A

1) pre-fertilization - formation of gametes
2) fertilization - formation of zygote
3) post-fertilization - embryogenesis

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9
Q

Dithecous meaning

A

Having two lobes

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10
Q

Structure of anther

A

Dithecous and Tetrasprorongiate

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11
Q

Wall of mature anther consist of

A
  1. Epidermis
  2. Endothecium
  3. Middle layer
  4. Tapetum
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12
Q

Microspore is aka

A

pollen grain

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13
Q

Epidermis

A

the outermost, protective layer

tabular cells

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14
Q

Endothecium

A

sub-epidermal
radially elongated cells
fibrous thickening

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15
Q

The middle layer

A

thin-walled (1-2 layers)

disintegrates in mature anther

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16
Q

Tapetum

A

innermost nutritive layers

encloses sporogenous tissue

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17
Q

sporogenous tissues

A

made of sporogenous cells

each gives rise to microspore tetrad

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18
Q

Microsporogenesis

A

each microspore mother cell divides meiotically to form four haploid microspores or pollen grains.

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19
Q

Structure of Microspore

5 points

A 
non-motile 
haploid
unicellular
single nucleus 
marks beginning of male gametophyte
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20
Q

2 layers of microspore

A

exine

intine

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21
Q

intine

A

inner

cellulose and pectin

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22
Q

exine

A

outer
sporopollenin
resistant to chemicals
has germ pores

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23
Q

sporopollenin

A

complex, nonbiodegradable substance

either smooth or sculpted

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24
Q

germ pores

A

are formed when exine is thin

growth of pollen grain during germination

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25
Q

development of male gametophyte includes

A

2 mitotic division

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26
Q

1st mitotic division

A 
vegetative cell (bigger, naked, nutritive, irregular shaped nucleus)
generative cell (small, thin-walled, floats in the cytoplasm of the vegetative cell)
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27
Q

2nd mitotic division

A

the generative cell gives rise to 2 non-motive male gametes

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28
Q

the generative cell gives rise to 2 non-motive male gametes in ___?

(place)

A

either pollen grain or pollen tube

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29
Q

where are pollen grain shed from

A

anther

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30
Q

The generative cell gives rise to 2 non-motive male gametes that happen mostly in ___?

A

angiosperms

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31
Q

female whorl

A

gynoecium

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32
Q

gynoecium individual

A

carpel

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33
Q

free carpel

A

apocarpous

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34
Q

fused carpel

A

syncarpous

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35
Q

3 parts of the carpel

A

style, stigma, ovary

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36
Q

uniovulate

A

1 ovule

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37
Q

multi-ovulate

A

1+ ovules

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38
Q

Anatropous ovule definition

A

the micropyle is bent down

adjacent to funicle

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39
Q

Micropyle

A

the narrow opening at the apex of the ovule

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40
Q

Chalaza

A

basal part of the ovule.

41
Q

Integuments

A

protective layers

42
Q

Nucellus

A

consists of a mass of parenchymatous cells

43
Q

Hilum

A

point of attachment of the ovule with the funicle

44
Q

Funicle

A

a small structure that connects the ovule to the placenta.

45
Q

Embryo sac

A

multicellular structure embedded in the nucellus

46
Q

placenta

A

the surface of the carpel

47
Q

angiosperm uses ____ & _____ for seeed dispersal

A

biotic and abiotic agents

48
Q

Pollination

A

transfer of pollen grain from the anther to the stigma

49
Q

gametes are

A

non-motile

produced at different sites

50
Q

Self-pollination definition

A

pollination that occurs between flowers of the same plant

51
Q

Self-pollination results in

A

inbreeding or selfing

52
Q

Cross-pollination

A

pollination that occurs between flowers of the different plant

53
Q

Types of pollination

A

Autogamy
Geitonogamy
Xenogamy

54
Q

Autogamy

A
  • a bisexual flower is pollinated by its own grain

- offsprings - genetically similar

55
Q

Geitonogamy

A
  • transfer of pollen grain from one flower to a different flower from the same plant
  • includes pollinating agent but can’t bring genetic variation, only for ecological significance
56
Q

Xenogamy

A
  • transfer of pollen grain from one flower to a different flower on a different plant of the same species
  • using pollinating agents
57
Q

xenogamy types

A

abiotic

biotic

58
Q 
Abiotic type
(inconspicuous
without fragrance
small
light in weight)
A

1) Wind (anemophily)
2) Water (hydrophily)
a) Hypohydrophily
b) Epihydrophily

59
Q

Wind

A

anemophily

60
Q

Water

A

hydrophily

61
Q

anemophily

A 
colourless
dry 
stigma is feathery
pollen-large quantities.
stamen has long filament, veratile anther 
stamen and stigma exposed to current
62
Q

hydrophily

A

unwettable

63
Q

Hypohydrophily

A

below surface of water
PG heavier than water, sinks, gets caught by stigma of female flower
PG are long, without exine

64
Q

Epihydrophily

A

on surface of water
female flowers reaxh surface temporarily while male flowers float on water
PG specific gravity = water

65
Q

Biotic agent

A

living organisms

66
Q

Pollination by insects

A

Entomophily

67
Q

Entomophily

A

flowers- large showy, bright, sweet odour
stigma - rough (mucilaginous secretion)
PG - spiny, pollen kit

68
Q

Pollination by birds

A

ornithophily

69
Q

ornithophily

A

flowers- large showy, bright and profuse, sweet nectar

PG - spiny, sticky

70
Q

Pollination by bats

A

chiropteryphily

71
Q

chiropteryphily

A

several kilometers
flowers- dull colored, abundant nectar
PG - large amount

72
Q

Outbreeding device

A

discourage self-pollination

evolution

73
Q

Outbreeding device

A 
unisexuality 
dichogamy 
prepotency 
heterostyly
herkogamy
self-incompatibility
74
Q

unisexuality

A

the plant has either a male flower or a female flower
aka dioecism
e.g. maize or papaya

75
Q

dichogamy

A

anther and stigma matures at a different stage in bisexual flower
protandry - androecium before gynoecium
protogyny- gynoecium before androecium
e.g. sunflower and gloriosa

76
Q

prepotency

A

a pollen grain of other flowers germinate faster than the pollen of the same flower
e.g. apple

77
Q

heterostyly

A

stigma and anther at a different level

prevent pollen from reaching the stigma

78
Q

herkogamy

A

natural, physical barrier present

79
Q

self-incompatibility

A

genetic mechanism

self-pollination not possible

80
Q

Endosperm

A

triploid primary endosperm nucleus divides repeatedly mitotically to form nutritive tissue

81
Q

What leads to the formation of endosperm?

A

formation of the endosperm nucleus triggers cell division

82
Q

Type of endosperm on basis of mode of development

A

Nuclear
Cellular
Helobial

83
Q

Nuclear type

A

PEN divides repeatedly without wall formation
vacuole pushes nuclei to periphery
wall develops; multicellular endosperm is formed

84
Q

Cellular type

A

division of PEN immediately followed by wall formation

85
Q

Heloboal type

A

division of PEN; followed by a transverse wall
which divides cell unequally; 2 cells formed
cells divide; walls formed

86
Q

chalazal cell

A

smaller

87
Q

micropylar cell

A

bigger

88
Q

Parthenocarpy coined by

A

Noll (1902)

89
Q

Parthenocarpy definition

A

fruit develops without fertilization

90
Q

the unfertilized ovary produces auxin

A

enlarges ovary to fruit

and fruit is seedless

91
Q

Polyembryony definition

A

development of more than one embryo inside the seed

92
Q

Polyembryony noticed by

A

Leeuwenhoek

93
Q

Polyembryony =

A

multiple seedlings

94
Q

Polyembryony results from

A

differentiation and development of various maternal and zygotic tissue associated with ovule of seed

95
Q

Polyembryony true or false

A

embryo rises from the same embryo sac or different embryo sac in the same ovule

96
Q

Adventive Polyembryony

A

the embryo develops directly from the diploid cell of the nucellus or integuments

97
Q

Cleavage Polyembryony

A

proembryo divides into many units

each unit becomes an embryo

98
Q

Polyembryony advantages

A

increases chances of survival of new plants

great in horticulture

Biology (7 decks)

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