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GCSE CCEA Biology unit 2 And 3 > Reproduction, Fertility And Contraception > Flashcards

Reproduction, Fertility And Contraception Flashcards

1
Q

What are the names of the two gametes?

A

Sperm and eggs (ovum)

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2
Q

What are the parts of the male reproductive system? (6)

A
  • urethra
  • penis
  • scrotum
  • prostate gland
  • sperm tube
  • testes
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3
Q

What is the urethra?

A

Tube where sperm leaves the penis

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4
Q

What is the penis?

A

Organ that introduces sperm into the vagina

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5
Q

What is the scrotum?

A

The sack that holds and protects the testes at a temperature lower than body temp

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6
Q

What is the prostate gland?

A

Adds fluid to nourish the sperm

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7
Q

What is the sperm tube?

A

Carries sperm from the testes to the urethra

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8
Q

What do testes do?

A

Produce sperm

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9
Q

How are sperm cells adapted? (3)

A
  • they have a flagellum (tail) - allowing them to swim to the egg
  • they are haploid
  • they have many mitochondria for energy production
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10
Q

What are the parts of the female reproductive system? (5)

A
  • ovary
  • cervix
  • vagina
  • oviduct
  • uterus
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11
Q

What is the purpose of ovaries?

A

Produce eggs (ova)

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12
Q

What is the cervix?

A

The opening of the uterus, widens during childbirth

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13
Q

What is the purpose of the vagina?

A

The penis places sperm here during sex

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14
Q

What is the purpose of the oviduct?

A

Carries the ova (eggs) to the uterus, fertilisation takes place here

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15
Q

What is the purpose of the uterus?

A

Will nourish the developing foetus if pregnancy results

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16
Q

In terms of chromosomes, what happens during fertilisation?

A

Haploid cells join to make a diploid cell

Half + half = full

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17
Q

What is formed by fertilisation?

A

A zygote (first cell)

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18
Q

What happens to a zygote after fertilisation (3)

A
  • divides by mitosis and grows into a ball of cells - embryo
  • divides further and differentiates to form tissues
  • travels from oviduct to uterus and is implanted for nourishment
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19
Q

What two structures form in the uterus after implantation?

A
  • umbilical cord
  • placenta
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20
Q

What forms around the embryo after implantation?

A

Amnion (protective membrane)

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21
Q

What fluid is contained within the amnion?

A

Amniotic fluid

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22
Q

What is the purpose of amniotic fluid?

A

To cushion the embryo

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23
Q

What is the next stage in development after embryo

A

Foetus

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24
Q

How does the foetus gain useful substances and remove waste?

A

The umbilical cord and placenta

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25
Q

Name two useful substances required by a foetus

A
  • oxygen
  • dissolved nutrients e.g. glucose and amino acids
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26
Q

Name two waste excretory products produced by a foetus

A
  • carbon dioxide
  • urea
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27
Q

How is the placenta adapted for diffusion? (2)

A
  • It has a very large surface area
  • at the point of contact with the uterine lining due to villi
  • (or between the uterus wall and placenta)
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28
Q

What is contained within the umbilical cord? (2)

A
  • umbilical vein
  • umbilical artery
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29
Q

What is contained within the umbilical artery?

In what direction does the blood travel?

A
  1. Urea, carbon dioxide and other waste products
  2. from the foetus to the mother
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30
Q

What is contained within the umbilical vein?

In what direction does the blood travel?

A
  1. Oxygen, glucose, amino acids and other nutrients
  2. Mother to foetus
31
Q

How is the placenta structured?

A

Rich in maternal blood vessels - rich in oxygen and other nutrients

32
Q

In the placenta, how is maternal and foetal blood separated? (2)

A
  • Separated by thin membranes
  • allowing diffusion of gases and nutrients in both directions
33
Q

What further increases the surface area between the uterine wall and placenta

A

Small villi - which extend to the uterus wall

34
Q

What are the two main sex hormones and where are they produced?

A
  • testosterone - produced by testes
  • oestrogen - produced by ovaries
35
Q

What are the main secondary sexual characteristics in males (5)

A
  • body hair and pubic hair
  • sex organs (genitals) enlarge
  • body more muscular
  • voice deepens
  • sex awareness and drive increase
36
Q

What are the main secondary sexual characteristics in females (5)

A
  • pubic hair and armpit hair
  • sex organs enlarge and breasts develop
  • pelvis and hips widen
  • menstruation begins
  • sex awareness and drive increase
37
Q

How long does the menstrual cycle last?

38
Q

How do oestrogen levels change during the menstrual cycle?

A
  • lowest during menstration
  • highest during ovulation
39
Q

How do progesterone levels change during the menstrual cycle?

A
  • lowest during mentration
  • highest in the days after ovulation
40
Q

What two hormones are key to the menstrual cycle?

A
  • oestrogen
  • progesterone
41
Q

What is the purpose of progesterone? (2)

A
  • To build up and maintain the thick uterine lining
  • development of the placenta and other structures when pregnant
42
Q

Why does menstruation occur?

A

Oestrogen and progesterone levels are low

43
Q

What is menstruation?

A

The shedding of the uterine lining

44
Q

What is ovulation?

A

When an egg is released from the ovary

45
Q

What is the first process in the menstrual cycle?

A

Menstruation

46
Q

Give two reasons for infertility

A

Any two from:

  • ovaries can’t produce eggs
  • oviducts blocked or twisted (can be due to infection)
  • STIs cause complications
  • uterine lining not developed properly
  • uterine lining too acidic or thick (hostile conditions)
  • not enough sperm or unhealthy sperm
  • impotence
47
Q

What causes male infertility? (3)

A
  • impotence
  • complications from STI/Ds
  • low quality or quantity of sperm
48
Q

What two options are available for couples with infertility problems?

A
  • fertility drugs (hormone treatment)
  • In-vitro fertilisation (IVF)
49
Q

What do fertility drugs do?

A
  • Change hormone levels in women
  • to produce more eggs
50
Q

When is hormone treatment not viable for infertile women?

A

Other problems such as blocked oviducts mean more eggs doesn’t cure infertility

51
Q

What happens during IVF? (7)

A
  • women given fertility drugs to produce several eggs
  • eggs collected from ovaries surgically
  • sperm from a donor mixed with egg in vitro
  • the zygote divides and differentiates by mitosis to form an embryo
  • while this happens, doctors look for genetic abnormalities - determine if it’s viable
  • embryo placed in mother’s uterus (she is given hormones for thickening)
  • embryo implants in uterine lining
52
Q

What are the 3 types of contraception?

Give an example of each.

A
    • mechanical
    • chemical
    • surgical
    • condom (mechanical)
    • contraceptive pill (chemical)
    • vasectomy (male) (surgical)
53
Q

What are the advantages of male condoms as a method of contraception? (2)

A
  • easily obtained
  • protects against STDs/STIs
54
Q

What is the disadvantage of male condoms as a method of contraception?

A

Unreliable if not used properly

55
Q

How do male condoms work

A

Acts as a physical barrier for sperm

56
Q

How do female condoms work?

A

Acts as a barrier so sperm can’t pass up the female reproductive system

57
Q

What are the advantages of female condoms as a method of contraception? (2)

A
  • easily obtained
  • protects against STDs/STIs
58
Q

What is the disadvantage of female condoms as a method of contraception?

A

Unreliable if not used properly

59
Q

How does a contraceptive pill work?

A

Prevents ovaries releasing eggs by changing hormone levels

60
Q

What is the advantage of contraceptive pills as a method of contraception?

A

Very reliable

61
Q

What are the disadvantages of contraceptive pills as a method of contraception? (3)

A
  • can have side affects like weight gain, mood swings and increased chance of blood clots
  • has to be taken daily to work (for around 21 days)
  • don’t prevent STI/Ds
62
Q

What are implants
and
how do they work?

A
  1. Small tubes inserted under the skin in the arm
  2. Slowly release hormones to prevent development and release of an egg
63
Q

What are the advantages of implants as a method of contraception? (2)

A
  • very reliable
  • can work for up to 3 years
64
Q

What are the disadvantages of implants as a method of contraception? (2)

A
  • do not protect against STIs/STDs
  • can prevent menstruation taking place
65
Q

What is a vasectomy?

A

The cutting of sperm tubes, preventing sperm from entering the penis

66
Q

What is the advantage of vasectomies as a method of contraception?

A

Virtually 100% reliable

67
Q

What is the disadvantage of vasectomies as a method of contraception?

A

Very difficult or impossible to reverse

68
Q

What is the advantage of female sterilisation as a method of contraception?

A

Virtually 100% reliable

69
Q

How are females sterilised? (female sterilisation)

A

Oviducts are cut, preventing ova from moving down the oviduct and being fertilised

70
Q

What is the disadvantage of female sterilisation as a method of contraception?

A

Very difficult or impossible to reverse

71
Q

What are the two purposes of oestrogen?

A
  • initial buildup of uterine lining
  • release of eggs during ovulation
72
Q

Over which days in the menstrual cycle does:

  1. Menstruation
  2. Ovulation occur
A
  • 1 - 5
  • 13 - 15
73
Q

Over which days in the menstrual cycle can pregnancy result?

GCSE CCEA Biology unit 2 And 3 (7 decks)

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