Reproduction - Dog/Cat Flashcards
What holds the genetic information & where is it located?
Chromosomes in each cell
Spermatozoa
Define, where is it made?
Definition: Male reproductive cell
Made in the seminiferous tubules through spermatogenesis. Made in large numbers
Ova
Define, where is it made?
Definition: Female reproductive cell
Made in the ovarian follicles through oogenesis
Each female is born with a limited number
Define: Mitosis
Cell division that produces two daughter cells, each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent cell
Define: Meiosis
Cell division that produces cells that results in four daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell
What are the 4 reproductive parts of the Endocrine System
- Hypothalamus
- Pituitary
- Gonads
- Placenta
What are the 4 parts of the male reproductive system?
- Testes
- Accessory Glands
- Ducts
- External Genitalia
What is the purpose of the Testes?
Make spermatoza
What is the purpose of of the Accessory glands?
- Makes up the part of the semen that is not spermatozoa
- Produce fluids to help the sperm survive until they meet the ovum
What are the 3 types of accessory glands? What species do they apply to?
- Seminal Vesicle: domestic animals EXCEPT the dog/cat
- Prostate Gland: Only accessory gland in the dog
- Bulbourethral Gland: Domestic animals EXCEPT the dog
What are the 3 parts of the Ducts and their functions in the male reproductive system?
- Efferent ducts: Spermatozoa flows through to the epididymis
2: Vas Deferens: Moves sperm from the epididymis to the urethra
- Urethra: Moves sperm to the penis and out of the body
What are the 2 external genitalia in the male reproductive system, and their functions?
- Prepuce: Sheath of skin that encloses the penis
- Penis: unique to canine species, consists of roots, body, & glands
What are the 5 main functions of the Female reproductive system?
- Produce sex hormones
- Make Ova
- House embryo during growth and development
- Give birth
- Provide nutrition after birth
The 2 functions of the Ovaries
- Form ova
- Release estrogen and progesteron
The 2 functions of the Ovaries
- Form ova
- Release estrogen and progesterone
What is the function of the Oviduct
AKA: Fallopian Tubes. The tube the ova use to leave the ovaries
What is the function of the Uterus
Hollow organ where the fertilized egg attaches and develops
What is the function of the Cervix? Where is it located
- Located at the caudal end of the uterus, it is the valve that seals off the uterus
Define: Vagina
Canal for insemination and birth
Define: Vulva
What are the 3 parts?
Exterior portion consisting of the vestibule, labia, clitoris
Define: Polyestrous
2+ estrous cycles
Define: Seasonally polyestrous
Estrous cycles only during certain parts of the year
Define: Diestrous
Resting period between cycles
Define: Monoestrous
Single estrous cycle in a year
Define: Anestrus
Not ovulating, not sexually receptive
Define: Copulation
Act of breeding
When does copulation occur (what cycle)?
When female is in estrus
What occurs after copulation in the female body? (5 things)
- Capacitation: changes in the sperm while in the female’s reproductive tract
- Fertilization of the ovum: the creation of a zygote
- Cleavage: zygote splits into many cells
- Implantation: zygote implants into endometrium
- Placenta formation: begins when the fertilized egg attaches to the uterus
Define: Zygote
Fertilized Ovum
What is the Gestation length of dogs and cats?
60-63 days
What is the Gestation length of rabbits
30-32 days
What is the Gestation length of ferrets
42 days
What is the Gestation length of horses
320-346 days
What is the Gestation length of cows
271-291 days
What is the Gestation length of sheep
143-151 days
What occurs in the first trimester?
- Organization of the implanted zygote, now called an embryo
- Placenta formation
What occurs in the second trimester?
Fetal Development
- Embryo becomes a fetus, body segments develop
What occurs in the third trimester?
Fetal growth
- fetus growths much larger in preparation for birth
- Loss of placental support
Define: Partition
Act of giving birth
What 4 things occurs leading up to Partition?
- Decrease in Progesterone
- Glucocorticoid levels in the fetus increase
- Sensitivity to oxytocin increases
- Oxytocin triggers labor
What are the 3 stages of labor? How long does it last? What occurs in the female during each stage?
- Uterine contractions
- Restless, make seek seclusion or refuse food
- Lasts 6-24 hours
- Delivery of the newborn
- Contractions begin.
- A small fluid filled sac protrudes from the vulva, encompassing the newborn, and has attached placenta
- Neonate normally are nose first with abdomen down.
- No specific time
- Delivery of the placenta
- Resting stage between each delivery
- Expulsuion of afterbirth
- May last up to an 1 hour
How do litters differ during labor compared to single births
The first and second stages of labor alternate
Define: Mammary Glands
When do they deveolp?
What are they comprised of? 4 things
Definition: Skin glands with a special function: produce colosturm and milk
Developed during puberty in preparation for the eventual producton of milk
Comprised of:
1. Alveoli
2. Alveoli ducts
3. The streak canal
4. The gland and teat sinus
Define: Colostrum
Definition: ealry milk that is rich in antibodies and protein. Also contains amino acids, lipids, and vitamins
What are the 4 characteristics of mammary glands?
- Different number of teats in different animals
- Produce Colosturm and milk
- In both males and females, though only females produce milk (normally)
- Can be very specialized, as in the cow
Define: Lacation
When does it begin and end?
Production of milk
Begins at the end of pregancy and will continue as long as the gland is continually emptied via nursing
Define: Whelping
What is the female called?
Act of a dog giving birth
Female AKA Bitch
Define: Queening
What is the female called?
Act of a cat giving birth
Female AKA Queen
Define: Breech
Neonate comes out hindquaters first
What should occur for care after neonates are born naturally?
- Mother should lick or chew the sac open. If she does not, then the sac must be manually broken open
- If having difficulty breathing, the neonates mouth should be suctioned and it’s body stimulated using a towel
- Neonate should be encouraged to suckle on the mothers teats immediately after birth.
- The suckling causes oxytocin release in the mother and helps with uterine contractions and milk letdown
What should occur for care after neonates are born via cesarean section?
- Mouth should be suctioned several times to remove any mucus/fluid that may be blocking the airway
- Body should be stimulated using a warm towels to dry the fur and help with circulation
- Stimulating the neonates body by rubbing the body helps stimulate breathing and responsiveness
- Supplemental oxygen should be administered.
- Sometimes a drop of Doxapram is administered orally to help stimulate breathing
- Should be kept warm and immediately placed with the mother after she is out of surgery and it is safe to do so.
What should the mother be fed after birth?
- 2-3 times normal amount
- Higher calorie food (such as puppy/kitten food) should be fed to mother until neonate is weaned, usually 5 weeks of age
- Food intake should be decreased after neonates weaned, which will help decrease milk production
When is assistance necessary during delivery? (7 things)
- Neonate is stuck in the birth canal for longer than 5 minutes
- Mother is having strong contractions for 30 mminutes with no deilvery
- Labor is weak and goes on for 3-4 hours intermittently without delivery
- Dark discharge present, which can be normal IF neonate is delivered shortly after
- More than 4 hours have passed with no delivery with more neonates expected
- Mother has been pregant more than 65 days in dogs/cats
What type of placenta do dogs/cats have?
Zonary Placenta
- The placenta forms a band of tissue surrounding the fetus
- They have an endotheliocorial placenta (only has the uterine endothelium)
How early can you confirm pregnancy in a mare?
11 days
What type of placenta do horses and pigs have?
Diffuse Placenta:
- The placenta is formed by the whole allantochorion surface
- They also have an epitheliochorial placenta like ruminants
What type of placenta do ruminants have?
Cotyledonary Placenta:
- This means they have numerous smaller placentae instead of a single large contact area between the mother and fetus
- Ruminant placental cotyledons attach to a caruncle to form a placentome
What type of placenta do rodents and primates have?
Discoid placenta: a single discoid shaped placenta
- They have a hemochorial placenta (no maternal layers, but instead direct contact of maternal blood with the chorion)
What are the 3 layers of an epitheliochorial placenta? What species have this type of placenta?
- Endometrium
- Connective tissue
- Uterine endothelium
Species: Ruminants, Horses. and pigs
What is the maternal side of the ruminant placenta called?
Caruncle
What is the fetus side of the ruminant placenta called?
Cotyledon
Define: Placentome
Cotyledon and Caruncle together
What nutrient must piglets be supplemented with? Why?
Iron, sow’s milk doesn’t contain it. Needs to be supplemented to prevent anemia
How do you get a mare to cycle out of season?
Artificial Lighting
What type of estrus cycle does a Cow have? When does it occur? How long does it last?
Non-seasonal Polyestrous
Occurs: Can have estrus cycles year round
Length: ~21 days
What type of estrus cycle does a Horse have? When does it occur? How long does it last?
Seasonal Polyestrous:
Occurs: (when days are longer)
Length:
What type of estrus cycle does a Cow have? When does it occur? How long does it last?What type of estrus cycle does a Sheep have? How long does it last? How long does it last?
Non-seasonal Polyestrous
Occurs: Can have estrus cycles year round
Length: ~21 days
What type of estrus cycle does a Sheep have? How long does it last? How long does it last?
Polyestrous
Occurs: Fall
What type of estrus cycle does a Dog have? How long does it last? How long does it last?
What type of estrus cycle does a Cat have? How long does it last? How long does it last?
Inducted Ovulators
