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Biology 1030 > Reproduction, Development, Form and Function > Flashcards

Reproduction, Development, Form and Function Flashcards

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1
Q

What is sexual reproduction?

A

fusion of 2 gametes,produces genetic variation

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2
Q

Advantages of asexual reproduction?

A

rapid prod. of offspring, no gamete, useful in times of plenty

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3
Q

Disadvantages of asexual reproduction ?

A

offspring identical to parent, no generational recombination,

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4
Q

What is gemmules in sponges?

A

cluster of cells that fall off sponges cells will develop into new orgs

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5
Q

What is fission?

A

Orgs will divide itself in half and grow

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6
Q

monoecious hermaphrodite?

A

1 house (body), both sexes

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7
Q

Dieciuos hermaphrodite?

A

2 houses, sexes housed separately

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8
Q

Why is mutual cross fertilization better?

A

Genetic diversity

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9
Q

What is sequential hermaphrodites?

A

start life as one sex, develop into another later in life

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10
Q

What is protandry?

A

Start life as a MALE, become female after oldest female dies

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11
Q

Portogyny

A

first female

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12
Q

Acrosome

A

a vesicle at the tip of the sperm containing hydrolytic enzymes that help sperm to reach the egg

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13
Q

Isolecithal

A

small amount of yolk

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14
Q

Mesolecithal

A

moderate amount of yolk

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15
Q

Telolecithal

A

larger amount of yolk in ovum

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16
Q

fast block to polyspermy

A

The depolarization of the egg plasma membrane that begins 1-3 seconds after a sperm binds to an egg membrane protein. The depolarization lasts about one minute and prevents additional sperm from fusing with the egg at that time.

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17
Q

Slow block to polyspermy

A

The formation of the fertilization envelope and other changes in an eggs surface that prevent fusion of the egg with more than one sperm. The slow block begins 1 min after fertilization.

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18
Q

Broadcast spawning better in seawater?

A

Yes, because concentrations are = therefore cells do better. freshwater hard to release gametes because of hypotonic environment

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19
Q

Problems with external fertilization

A

asynchrony-synchronous release of pheromones , tonicity,

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20
Q

Calcium ions regulate contraction of smooth muscle cells by binding to

A

calmodulin

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21
Q

Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle all have

A

thick and thin filaments.

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22
Q

Saltatory conduction is a term applied to

A

jumping from one node of Ranvier to the next in a myelinated neuron.

23
Q

The calcium ions released into the cytosol during excitation of skeletal muscle bind to

A

troponin

24
Q

An endoskeleton is the primary body support for the

A

cartilaginous fishes, including sharks.

25
Q

A group of animals among which a relatively long cecum is likely to be found is the

A

herbivores

26
Q

Analysis of jawbones from the skeletal remains of a vertebrate animal reveal its dietary patterns owing to

A

the prevalence of specific kinds of teeth.

27
Q

Air-breathing insects carry out gas exchange

A

across the finest branches of the trachea and cell membranes.

28
Q

Most of the carbon dioxide produced by humans is

A

converted to bicarbonate ions by an enzyme in red blood cells.

29
Q

One feature that amphibians and humans have in common is

A

the number of circuits for circulation.

30
Q

Motor neurons alter skeletal muscle activities by releasing neurotransmitter because the motor neuron(‘s)

A

signals bind to receptor proteins on the muscles.

31
Q

The central nervous system is lacking in animals that have

A

radial symmetry

32
Q

The only vertebrates in which blood flows directly from respiratory organs to body tissues without first returning to the heart are the

A

fishes

33
Q

Animals with reproduction dependent on internal fertilization need not have

A

internal development of embryos.

34
Q

A primitive streak forms during the early embryonic development of

A

birds, but not frogs or humans.

35
Q

The vertebrate ectoderm is the origin of the

A

nervous system

36
Q

From earliest to latest, the overall sequence of early development proceeds in which of the following sequences?

A

cleavage → gastrulation → organogenesis

37
Q

A reproductive difference between sea urchins and humans is

A

the sea urchin egg completes meiosis prior to fertilization, but meiosis in humans is completed after fertilization.

38
Q

A radula is present in members of which clade(s)?

A

chitons, gastropods and cephalopods

39
Q

In humans, oogenesis in comparison to spermatogenesis is different in that _____.

A

oogenesis does not complete meiosis until after fertilization, but spermatogenesis is complete before the sperm leave the body

40
Q

What distinguishes complete metamorphosis from incomplete metamorphosis in insects?

A

the radically different appearance between adults and earlier life stages

41
Q

The cortical reaction functions directly in the

A

formation of a fertilization envelope.

42
Q

A radially symmetrical animal that has two embryonic tissue layers probably belongs to which phylum?

A

cnidaria

43
Q

In a small stream, you pick up a rock and observe many small, flattened worms crawling on its undersurface. You decide that they belong to the phylum Platyhelminthes. To which class do they probably belong?

A

turbullaria

44
Q

A student encounters an animal embryo at the eight-cell stage. The four smaller cells that comprise one hemisphere of the embryo seem to be rotated 45 degrees and to lie in the grooves between larger, underlying cells (i.e., spiral cleavage).

If we were to separate these eight cells and attempt to culture them individually, then what is most likely to happen?

A

Each cell may continue development, but only into a nonviable embryo that lacks many parts.

45
Q

The blastopore is a structure that first becomes evident during

A

gastrulation

46
Q

Which of the following is a characteristic of adult echinoderms?

A

secondary radial symmetry

47
Q

Which of the following can be used to distinguish a nematode worm from an annelid worm?

A

. type of body cavity

  1. number of muscle layers in the body wall
  2. presence of segmentation
48
Q

A shared derived characteristic for members of the arthropod subgroup that includes spiders would be the presence of

A

chelicerae

49
Q

What is ligand gated channel?

A

molecule that physically binds to an ion channel

50
Q

Phyla with endoskeletons?

A

Porifera, Echinodermata, Chordata

51
Q

Phyla with exoskeleton?

A

Mollusca, Arthropoda

52
Q

Phyla with hydrostatic skeletons?

A

Cnidaria, Platyheminthes, Anelida, Mollusca

53
Q

Spatial summation

A

of signals happening at same time over different sites of post synaptic cell

54
Q

Temporal summation

A

many positive signals over a period of time

Biology 1030 (6 decks)

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