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Biology > Reproduction chapter 2 (2.8) > Flashcards

Reproduction chapter 2 (2.8) Flashcards

1
Q

What is preventing pregnancy called?

A

Birth control

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2
Q

Disadvantages of combination methods

A
  • no protection for std’s
  • first few moths –> body has to get used to change of hormone levels. (cause: light headaches, mood swings, painful breasts)
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3
Q

The methods of birth control are called…

A

contraceptives methods

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4
Q

What are examples of combination methods?

A

Contraceptive pill
NuvaRing
hormone patch

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5
Q

Why is it called combination method?

A

It is called combination method bc 2 hormones are at work (oestregen and progestogen)

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6
Q

What do those 2 hormones do?

A
  • prevent ovulation
  • make mucus of cervix less receptive to sperm cells
  • change the uterus lining so that implantation doesn’t occur
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7
Q

is progestogen the same as progesterone

A

no

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8
Q

Contraceptive pills

A
  • strip of 21 small pills
  • one pill every day for 3 weeks
  • after 21 days; stop taking them — - causes menstruation-like bleed
  • after that 1 week take it again
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9
Q

NuvaRing

A
  • flexible, hormone containing ring that is inserted into the vagina
  • used for 3 weeks
  • after 1 week break take it again
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10
Q

Hormone patch

A
  • thin flexible patch, worn on the skin
  • use a new patch every day for 3 weeks
  • week 4: mentruation-like bleed
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11
Q

Advantages of combination method:

A
  • provide reliable protection against preg (if used properly)
  • make menstrual flow lighter and reduce menstrual cramps
  • reduce pre-menstrual problems (PMS)
  • some pills reduce acne
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12
Q

What is PMS and examples of it

A

PMS = pre-menstrual symptoms
- painful breasts
- mood swings

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13
Q

Examples of progestogen-only methods

A
  • injection pill
  • minipill
  • hormonal implant
  • hormonal intra-uterine device
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14
Q

What do these examples of progestone-only methods do?

A
  • prevent ovulation
  • make mucus of cervix less receptieve to sperm cells
  • change uterus lining so that implantation wont occur
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15
Q

Injection pill

A

It’s a syringe containing progestone which is injected into bloodstream
- lasts 12 weeks

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16
Q

Minipill

A
  • similar to contraceptive/combination pill
  • take pill ever day with 0 breaks (also on the bleed)
17
Q

hormonal implant

A
  • small plastic rod about the size of a matchstick
  • 1) recieve local anesthesia
  • 2) rod is implanted under the skin of upper arm using a needle
  • remains effective for 2-3 years
18
Q

IUD

A
  • inserted into uterus by a thin tube
  • ovulation can still occur
  • implantation is impossible
  • can menstruate
  • can remain in uterus for 5 years
19
Q

Advantages of progestoen-only method

A
  • don’t have to remember to take a pill daily
  • with implant and IUD u can become pregnant immediatly after device is removed, bc hormone doesn’t need to be filtered out of bloodstream for a long period of time
20
Q

disadvantages of progestone-only methods

A
  • no protection for stds
  • first few months: body has to get used to hormone changes
  • IUD may make menstrual flowe heavier and may cause cramps in the first few weeks
21
Q

examples of barrier methods

A
  • male condom
  • female condom
  • a diaphragm (cap)
22
Q

Male condom

A
  • thin rubber plastic tube that is put on erected penis
  • only be used 1 time
  • prevent sperm cells from entering the vagina
  • protects std’s
  • not most reliable contraceptive method
23
Q

female condom

A
  • larger version of male condom, but with a ring
  • inserted into vagina
  • protects form sti
  • can tear
24
Q

A diaphragm

A
  • a small, bendable dome or cap with a ring on edge
  • different sizes to fit each woman individually
  • cover it with substance that kills sperm
  • inserted into cervix (sealed off)
  • after intercourse it has to remain in uterus for 8 hrs to make sure that there is no sperm
  • after it’s taken out and washed and then stored
  • can be used again
  • not reliable: tear, change shape, wear out
  • does not protect sti
25
Q

Permanent contraceptive methods

A

Sterilisation:
- closes off oviducts: eggs cant be fertilised
Vasectomy:
- sperm ducts are tied, cut, sealed
- sperm cells cannot become semen: ejaculate semen w/o sperm cells

26
Q

Other contraceptive methods:

A

Coitus:
- remove penis b4 ejaculation
- unreliable (pre-seminal fluid can have semen)

Calander method:
- marks day of period
- fertile days are few days before and after ovulation
- cycle can vary –> unreliable

Periodic abstinence:
- during womans fertile days, body temp is a few tenths of a degree higher
- testing her blood hormone lvls or temp: make guess
- must be precise (unreliable)

Morning after pill:
- emergency method
- taken 72 hours after intercourse
- prevents fertlisied egg from implanting in uterus

Biology (6 decks)

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