Reproduction chapter 2 (2.8)

Question 1

What is preventing pregnancy called?

Answer 1

Birth control

Question 2

Disadvantages of combination methods

Answer 2

• no protection for std’s
• first few moths –> body has to get used to change of hormone levels. (cause: light headaches, mood swings, painful breasts)

Question 3

The methods of birth control are called…

Answer 3

contraceptives methods

Question 4

What are examples of combination methods?

Answer 4

Contraceptive pill
NuvaRing
hormone patch

Question 5

Why is it called combination method?

Answer 5

It is called combination method bc 2 hormones are at work (oestregen and progestogen)

Question 6

What do those 2 hormones do?

Answer 6

• prevent ovulation
• make mucus of cervix less receptive to sperm cells
• change the uterus lining so that implantation doesn’t occur

Question 7

is progestogen the same as progesterone

Answer 7

no

Question 8

Contraceptive pills

Answer 8

• strip of 21 small pills
• one pill every day for 3 weeks
• after 21 days; stop taking them — - causes menstruation-like bleed
• after that 1 week take it again

Question 9

NuvaRing

Answer 9

• flexible, hormone containing ring that is inserted into the vagina
• used for 3 weeks
• after 1 week break take it again

Question 10

Hormone patch

Answer 10

• thin flexible patch, worn on the skin
• use a new patch every day for 3 weeks
• week 4: mentruation-like bleed

Question 11

Advantages of combination method:

Answer 11

• provide reliable protection against preg (if used properly)
• make menstrual flow lighter and reduce menstrual cramps
• reduce pre-menstrual problems (PMS)
• some pills reduce acne

Question 12

What is PMS and examples of it

Answer 12

PMS = pre-menstrual symptoms
- painful breasts
- mood swings

Question 13

Examples of progestogen-only methods

Answer 13

• injection pill
• minipill
• hormonal implant
• hormonal intra-uterine device

Question 14

What do these examples of progestone-only methods do?

Answer 14

• prevent ovulation
• make mucus of cervix less receptieve to sperm cells
• change uterus lining so that implantation wont occur

Question 15

Injection pill

Answer 15

It’s a syringe containing progestone which is injected into bloodstream
- lasts 12 weeks

Question 16

Minipill

Answer 16

• similar to contraceptive/combination pill
• take pill ever day with 0 breaks (also on the bleed)

Question 17

hormonal implant

Answer 17

• small plastic rod about the size of a matchstick
• 1) recieve local anesthesia
• 2) rod is implanted under the skin of upper arm using a needle
• remains effective for 2-3 years

Question 18

IUD

Answer 18

• inserted into uterus by a thin tube
• ovulation can still occur
• implantation is impossible
• can menstruate
• can remain in uterus for 5 years

Question 19

Advantages of progestoen-only method

Answer 19

• don’t have to remember to take a pill daily
• with implant and IUD u can become pregnant immediatly after device is removed, bc hormone doesn’t need to be filtered out of bloodstream for a long period of time

Question 20

disadvantages of progestone-only methods

Answer 20

• no protection for stds
• first few months: body has to get used to hormone changes
• IUD may make menstrual flowe heavier and may cause cramps in the first few weeks

Question 21

examples of barrier methods

Answer 21

• male condom
• female condom
• a diaphragm (cap)

Question 22

Male condom

Answer 22

• thin rubber plastic tube that is put on erected penis
• only be used 1 time
• prevent sperm cells from entering the vagina
• protects std’s
• not most reliable contraceptive method

Question 23

female condom

Answer 23

• larger version of male condom, but with a ring
• inserted into vagina
• protects form sti
• can tear

Question 24

A diaphragm

Answer 24

• a small, bendable dome or cap with a ring on edge
• different sizes to fit each woman individually
• cover it with substance that kills sperm
• inserted into cervix (sealed off)
• after intercourse it has to remain in uterus for 8 hrs to make sure that there is no sperm
• after it’s taken out and washed and then stored
• can be used again
• not reliable: tear, change shape, wear out
• does not protect sti

Question 25

Permanent contraceptive methods

Answer 25

Sterilisation:
- closes off oviducts: eggs cant be fertilised
Vasectomy:
- sperm ducts are tied, cut, sealed
- sperm cells cannot become semen: ejaculate semen w/o sperm cells

Question 26

Other contraceptive methods:

Answer 26

Coitus:
- remove penis b4 ejaculation
- unreliable (pre-seminal fluid can have semen)

Calander method:
- marks day of period
- fertile days are few days before and after ovulation
- cycle can vary –> unreliable

Periodic abstinence:
- during womans fertile days, body temp is a few tenths of a degree higher
- testing her blood hormone lvls or temp: make guess
- must be precise (unreliable)

Morning after pill:
- emergency method
- taken 72 hours after intercourse
- prevents fertlisied egg from implanting in uterus