Bio - circulatory system 1.5-1.6

Question 1

What substances are carried by your circulatory system?

Answer 1

• Oxygen is carried from your lungs to your cells.
• Carbon dioxide is carried from your cells to your lungs to be breathed out.
• Nutrients are carried from your intestines to your cells.
• Waste is carried from your cells to your kidneys to be removed.

Question 2

What does your blood also transport and why?

Answer 2

Heat to keep your body temperature at a constant 37 degrees c

Question 3

What happens to your body temp if it is cold outside

Answer 3

When you go outside, it’s cold and you play with snow your body temp lowers but as soon as your done your heart makes sure to warm you up again so you wont freeze.

Question 4

What happens to your body temp when its hot outsude?

Answer 4

If you get warm from running around outside then your blood transports heat away form your muscles and towards areas such as your skin and you will sweat and cool down before you overheat.

Question 5

What happens with a blood sample before and after it gets left out on a desk

Answer 5

before it is all red and warm but, afterwards it separates into 2 large parts with 1 small part in between like an oreo

Question 6

Where are blood cells formed and how do they exit

Answer 6

95% is formed in the bone marrow, they exit through a dense network of capillaries

Question 7

What is plasma

Answer 7

It is the yellow-ish liquid component of blood that mainly consist of water.

Question 8

How much space does plasma take in your blood

Answer 8

Around 55%

Question 9

What is suspended in the plasma?

Answer 9

Nutrients, waste products like carbon dioxide, hormones and a fraction of the oxygen are suspended in the plasma.

Question 10

How many layers does your blood have?

Answer 10

3

Question 11

What are the 2 layers under the plasma contain?

Answer 11

They all contain blood cells and they make up 45% of your blood. They are denser than water and thus are under plasma

Question 12

How many blood cells are there

Answer 12

There’s 2 main types, red and white blood cells but there are also platelets

Question 13

What are white blood cells + what is their function

Answer 13

They protect you against illness and disease.

Question 14

What are red blood cells + what is their function

Answer 14

carry oxygen from the lungs and deliver it throughout our body. Red blood cells also transport waste such as carbon dioxide back to our lungs to be exhaled.

Question 15

What are platelets

Answer 15

They are not really cells but tiny fragments of cells. They form a thin layer with the white blood cells

Question 16

How do red blood cells look like and why are they different

Answer 16

Red blood cells are disc shaped, and are different from all other body cells because they lack a cell nucleus.

Question 17

What do red blood cells carry

Answer 17

They contain a red
substance called haemoglobin, which binds oxygen and that’s how it transports it. Since there’s more red blood cells than white it makes your blood look red

Question 18

How do red blood cells function without a nucleus?

Answer 18

Losing the nucleus enables the red blood cell to contain more oxygen-carrying hemoglobin, thus enabling more oxygen to be transported in the blood and boosting our metabolism

Question 19

Do white blood cells have nuclei

Answer 19

Yes, white blood cells do have buclei

Question 20

How does your body react to having invaders?

Answer 20

Your body reacts to invaders by making more white blood
cells. White blood cells can change their shape and squeeze themselves through capillary
walls. This allows them to enter tissues that have been invaded by harmful germs

Question 21

How many types of white blood cells are there

Answer 21

There are 5 main types. Phagocytes and Lymphocytes are the ones we will learn about

Question 22

What do Phagocytes do?

Answer 22

They can change shape and stretch themselves to engulf and
‘swallow up’ bacteria. Then they digest the bacteria into small pieces that are no longer
harmful.

Question 23

What do Lymphocytes do?

Answer 23

Lymphocytes make substances called antibodies, which are specially produced
to assist the phagocytes in destroying invaders such as bacteria (antigens).

Question 24

Why do you get ill?

Answer 24

It takes a while before your lymphocytes have made enough antibodies. This is why you get ill.

Question 25

What happens each time a new invader enters/gets into your body

Answer 25

Each time a new invader gets into your body, a new antibody is produced, specifi c for the
invader

Question 26

What do they antibodies do?

Answer 26

They surround and stick to the invaders so that the phagocytes can engulf them.
The next time an invader enters the body, the lymphocytes will remember how to make
the specifi c antibodies even faster than before. Which makes you immune.

Question 27

What is immune?

Answer 27

you will not get ill from a specific type of illness

Question 28

WHat happens when your organs/tissues get damaged or malfunction?

Answer 28

In such cases a tissue or organ transplant could be a solution.

Question 29

What should hopefully happen after you get a transplant

Answer 29

If the organ/tissue is taken from
another part of the victim’s body, then the ‘new’ organ/tissue grows and joins together with the
organ/tissue surrounding the burn.

Question 30

What happens if your body rejects a transplant

Answer 30

if an organ/tissue is taken from another person (a donor
who is not the victim’s identical twin), tissue rejection sets in after a few days and the
‘new’ organ/tissue dies.

If tissue from a random donor is transplanted to a random patient, the patient’s lymphocytes are activated: they will make antibodies against the ‘new’ tissue and this tissue will then be rejected and eventually die.

Question 31

What are some methods to reduce the chances of rejection

Answer 31

• Tissue typing where doctors try to find a very close ‘match’ between the cells of a
  patient and those of a donor. For instance: the closer you are related to the donor,
  the smaller the chance of rejection.
• Immunosuppressive drugs are given to the patient to suppress the activation of
  lymphocytes so that no antibodies are made. However, this also means that the
  patient will now be much more sensitive to infections by bacteria and visures.
  Doctors will try to find a delicate balance between tissue rejection and preventing
  infections by giving more or less of the drugs.

Question 32

Why are platelets involved in blood clotting (like when skin is cut)?

Answer 32

It is important, to prevent the entry of invaders through the open wound. Also, a clot can prevent blood from flowing out of a punctured blood vessel for too long.

Question 33

How do platelets make a blood clot to make your body heal (list the process of healing)?

Answer 33

1. the platelets are activated by chemicals that are released when a blood vessel is
   damaged. They stick to the walls around the wound and to each other. At the same time
   they change shape to form a cover that fi lls the opening in the blood vessel wall to stop
   blood from leaking out. However, the cover of platelets is still very weak and can easily tear
2. the platelets send out chemical signals to a substance in your plasma called
   fi brinogen. These signals cause fi brinogen to change into sticky thread-like fi bers called
   fi brin. Fibrin forms a net across the wound site, so that the platelets stay in place. The net
   also traps blood cells and plasma, thus preventing more blood loss. At the same time, it
   prevents bacteria and other germs to enter the wound. This network of platelets, plasma
   and blood cells is called a clot.
3. Finally, after the clot is fi rmly in place, it will harden. Now the wound can slowly heal. Below
   the hardened clot, which is called a scab, your skin cells are being repaired. As more new
   skin cells grow, they push the scab upwards and eventually the scab falls off . Your skin has
   healed!

Question 34

What happens if oyu get a wound under your skin

Answer 34

If this happens, a clot forms in a similar way to prevent your broken blood
vessels from leaking blood. You can clearly see the scab which forms a blue mark below
your skin.

Question 35

What is haemophilia?

Answer 35

It is an inherited disease that causes their blood to not clot properly, which means they bleed out more than a nprmal person

Question 36

How is haemophilia caused?

Answer 36

It is caused by a change in DNA that was either passed from
parent to child or happened while the baby was developing in the womb.

Question 37

Why do people with haemophilia cannot make proper blood clots?

Answer 37

People with haemophilia do not make enough of certain chemicals in their blood
called clotting factors which causes them to not clot properly

Question 38

What are clotting factors?

Answer 38

Clotting factors help platelets to turn fibrinogen into fibrin
threads.

Question 39

How many clotting factors are there?

Answer 39

Your blood contains 13 clotting factors, numbered using Roman numerals from I (1) through XIII (13).

Question 40

What happens when you have too little of clotting factors VII or IX?

Answer 40

Having too little of factors VIII (8) or IX (9) stops the body
from making fibrin threads and this is what causes haemophilia. A person with haemophilia will only lack one factor, either factor VIII or factor IX, but not both.

Question 41

What are the 2 major kinds of haemophilia?

Answer 41

• Haemophilia A, which accounts for about 80% of cases, is when factor VIII is lacking.
• Haemophilia B is when factor IX is lacking.

Question 42

How is haemophilia classified?

Answer 42

mild, moderate or severe based on the amount of the clotting factor in the person’s blood.

Question 43

When is it severe?

Answer 43

If someone produces only 1% or less of the affected factor

Question 44

When is it moderate?

Answer 44

Someone who produces 2% to 5% has a moderate case,

Question 45

When is it mild?

Answer 45

someone who produces 6% to 50% of the affected factor level is considered to have a mild case of haemophilia.

Question 46

What happens when you have a mild case?

Answer 46

a person with milder haemophilia may bleed excessively only once in a while,
whereas severe haemophilia puts someone at risk for having bleeding problems much more
often.

Question 47

When do people find out they have haemophilia and is it treatable?

Answer 47

Most people with haemophilia discover they have the condition when they are babies or young kids. Today, there are medicines to treat patients with haemophilia.