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Anatomy Extras > Reproduction BABY > Flashcards

Reproduction BABY Flashcards

1
Q

Why might haemorrhoids be associated with cirrhosis of the liver?

A

Congestion of portal circulation

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2
Q

What is the function of the superficial transverse perineal?

A

Fixation and stabilisation of the perineal body

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3
Q

When does the placenta physiologically separate from the uterine wall?

A

Thirsd stage of labour after delivery of the foetus

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4
Q

Where do the bulbourethral glands empty?

A

Empty into the penile/spongy urethra

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5
Q

What is the tough outer layer of the testis?

A

Tunica vaginalis

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6
Q

At what vertebral level does the testicular artery arise from the abdominal aorta?

A

L2

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7
Q

What artery supplies the uterus?

A

Uterine artery (branch of the anterior trunk of the internal iliac)

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8
Q

Which nerve pireces the psoas major muscle?

A

Genitofemoral nerve

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9
Q

Give two functions of the pelvic diaphragm

A

Supports abdominopelvic viscera

Fecal continence

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10
Q

What is the innervation of erectile tissues in both men and women?

A

S2,3,4 from hypogastric plexus

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11
Q

Why is a mediolateral episiotomy preferable to a midline episiotomy?

A

Reduces chance of damage to the rectum and the anal spincter

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12
Q

What forms the ejaculatory duct?

A

Vas deferens joining the duct of the seminal gland

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13
Q

What are the layers of the muscle and fascia that contribute to the inguinal canal?

A

External oblique

Internal oblique

Transversus abdominis

Transversalis fascia

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14
Q

Where is the cardinal ligament found?

A

Located at the base of the broad ligament of the uterus

(attaches the cervix to the lateral pelvic wall)

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15
Q

What can be a complication of ischia-anal abscesses?

A

Can burst into nearby spaces / passageways generating fistula

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16
Q

Make sure you can locate the uterine tube

Ovarian ligament

Round ligament

Suspensory ligament and the broad ligament

A
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17
Q

What is the blood supply to the breast?

A

Supplied by branches of the subclavian and axillary arteries

(lateral thoracic, internal thoracic, lateral mammary, medial mammary)

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18
Q

What drains most of the uterine body?

A

External iliac and lumbar nodes

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19
Q

Which area develops into the lower segment of the uterus?

A

The area between the cervix and the uteus

For C section th uterus is opened at the lower segment

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20
Q

What is the main component of the ischio-anal fossae?

A

Fat

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21
Q

Into which vein does the left and right testicular vein drain?

A

RIght vein drains into the IVC

Left testicular vein drains into the left renal vein

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22
Q

Compare acetabulum

A

Female = large

Male = small

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23
Q

What is the risk of having a retroverted and retrofelxed pelvis in early pregnancy?

A

Uterus may become trapped in the pelvis - incarcerated uterus

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24
Q

Which ligament does the uterine artery travel within?

A

Cardinal ligament

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25
Q

After rectal surgery why are some men not able to ejaculate?

A

Damage to pudendal nerve

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26
Q

What are the two triangles of the perineum?

A

Urogenital

Anal

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27
Q

What are the features of the ductus defrerens on histology?

A

Stellate shaped lumen

Thicked walled muscular tube

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28
Q

Sompare lesser pelvis?

A

Female = wide and shallow

Male = narrow and deep

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29
Q

What ligament attaches the ovary to the lateral pelvic wall?

A

Suspensory ligament of ovary

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30
Q

What nerve supplies the skin and muscles of the perineum?

A

Pudendal nerve - arises from the sacral plexus

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31
Q

What is a rectocele?

A

Prolapse of the wall between the rectum and the vagina

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32
Q

What is a varicocele?

A

A mass of varicose veins in the spermatic cord

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33
Q

What three structures constitue the birth canal?

A

Cervix

Vulva

Vagina

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34
Q

What is the main artery into the perineum?

A

Internal pudendal

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35
Q

What drains the lower vagina?

A

Inguinal lymph nodes

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36
Q

With which venous plexus does the prostatic venous plexus communicate on its posterior side?

A

Vesical plexus

(potential spread of bone mets)

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37
Q

What is the nerve supply of the female genital tract?

A

Sympathetic nerve fibres from the pelvic and ovarian plexuses and parasympathetic fibres from the pelvic splanchnic nerves (S2,3,4)

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38
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the scrotum?

A

Superficial inguinal nodes

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39
Q

What is the name of the fascia that stretches between right and left sides of the pubic arch?

A

Perineal fascia

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40
Q

What is the appearance of testis on histology?

A

Convoluted tubules sectioned in various planes

Spermatozoa in the lumen

Leydig cells in the interstitial spaces between tubules

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41
Q

What does the left umbilical vein form?

A

Forms the round ligament of the liver

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42
Q

What inenrvates the external urethral sphincter?

A

Pudendal nerve

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43
Q

What is the perineal body?

A

It is a fibromuscular bundle

Secures the pelvic floor

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44
Q

Compare pelvic inlet

A

Women = oval and rounded

Male = heart shape

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45
Q

Parts of the urethra

A
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46
Q

Look

A
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47
Q

What secretions are produced by the prostate?

A

Alkaline fluid - helps neutralise the acidity of the vaginal tract

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48
Q

What is the venous drainage of the pelvic structures?

A

5 different veins

  1. Internal iliac veins
  2. Superior rectal veins
  3. Medial sacral vein
  4. Gonadal veins
  5. Internal vertebral venous plexua

(prostatic venous plexus is clinically significant)

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49
Q

What is the supply of the vagina?

A

Uterine artery

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50
Q

Compare greater pelvis

A

Female = shallow

Male = deep

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51
Q

What is the purpose of the panpiniform plexus of veins?

A

Temperature regulation and venous returm from the testes

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52
Q

Where does the genitofemoral nerve originate?

A

L1-2

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53
Q

Where does the ilioinguinal nerve enter the inguinal canal?

A

Superficial inguinal ring

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54
Q

What are the structures of the male perineum?

A

External genitalia (urethra, scrotum and penis)

Perineal muscles

Anal canal

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55
Q
A
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56
Q

Which part of the rectum drains into systemic circulation?

A

Middle and inferior rectal veins

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57
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the penis?

A

Superficial inguinal (skin)

Internal iliac (deep structures)

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58
Q

What are the main contents of the spermatic cord?

A

Ductus deferens

Testicular artery

Pampinoform plexus of veins

Genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve

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59
Q

Which group of lymph nodes first receives lymph from the lateral part of the breast tissue?

A

Axillary

60
Q

What is the main blood supply to the pelvic organs?

A

Internal iliac

Ovary, testes and upper part of rectum has different blood supply

61
Q

What nerve network lies on the piriformis?

A

Sacral plexus

62
Q

Which segmental level does the pudendal nerve arise from ?

A

S2-S4

63
Q

What do the sacral lymph nodes drain?

A

Wall of pelvis, parts of the rectum and the signoid colon

64
Q

What is a cystocele?

A

Prolapse of the bladder (bladder bulges into the vagina)

65
Q

What do the common iliac lymph nodes drain?

A

Drainage from the three main groups

66
Q

What is the epithelium of epididymus?

A

Pseudostratified?

67
Q

What is the function of the Ischiocavernosus?

A

Compression fo the corpus cavernosum

68
Q

What supplies the rectum?

A

Superior rectal artery - branch of the inferior mesentaric artery

Middle and inferior rectal artery (these are suplied by the internal iliac anterior trunk)

69
Q

What do the external iliac lymph nodes drain?

A

Inguinal nodes

Deep lymphatics of abdominal

Lymphatics from glans penis, glans clitoris, membranous urethra and prostate

70
Q

What is the structure of each breast?

A

Each breast consists of 15-25 lobes with tubulo-acinar gland (parenchyma) and stroma (connective tissue)

71
Q

What is the origin of the ilioinguinal nerve?

A

L1

72
Q

What is the function of the external urethral sphincter?

A

Compress urethrato maintain urinary continence

73
Q

Which part of the uterine tube is the longest and widest?

A

Ampulla

74
Q

What are the structures of the cross section of the umbilical cord?

A

Two uterine arteries

One uterine vein

Wharton’s jelly

75
Q

Which two lymph node groups receive lymph from the testis?

A

Paraaortic and inguinal

76
Q

Which nerve supplies the skin at the root of the penis and the labia?

A

Ilioinguinal nerve

77
Q

Compare subpubic angle

A

Female = greater than 90 degreees (obtuse)

Male = less than 90 degrees (acute)

78
Q

Revise histology of the uterus and the follicles

A
79
Q

Make sure you know where the bulbourethral gland and the seminal vesicle glands are

A
80
Q

What do the internal iliac nodes drain?

A

Gluteal region

Deep perineum

Inferior pelvic viscera

81
Q

What muscle is present on the posterior wall of the pelvis?

A

Piriformis

82
Q

What is the clinical significance of the perineal body?

A

Ruptures during childbirth

83
Q

Where does the round ligamet travel to and from?

A

Originates at the uterine horns in the parametrium

Round ligament exits the pelvis at the deep inguinal ring, passes through the inguinal canal and continues on to the labia majora where its fibres spread and mix with the tissue of the mons pubis

84
Q

What type of joint is the sacroiliac joint?

A

Synovial plane

85
Q

What is the appearance of the seminal vesicles on histology?

A

No sperms in lumen

Highly recessed and irregular lumen forming crypts and cavities giving a honeycombed appearance

Well developed muscular externa

86
Q

Why do haemorrhoids form in the wall of the anal canal?

A

Anastomosis between the portal and systemic veins are located in the wall of the anal canal, making this a site of portocaval anastomosis

87
Q

What drains the uterine cervix and upper vagina?

A

Internal iliac and sacral lymph nodes

88
Q

What is the blood supply of the bladder, seminal gland and prostate?

A

Superior and inferior vesicular artery

(anterior trunbk of internal iliac)

89
Q

What is the innervation and function of the external anal sphincter?

A

Innervated by a branch of the pudendal nerve

Main action is to relax from tonic contraction

Voluntary defacation

90
Q

What is the function of the secretions produced by the bulbourethral glands?

A

Clear fluid rich in mucoproteins that help lubricate the distal urethra and neutrlise acidic urine which remains in the urethra

91
Q

What does the placenta develop from?

A

The trophoblast

(following implantation of the blastocyst into the uterine endometrium)

92
Q

What is the lymphatic drainaige of the prostate?

A

Internal iliac and sacral nodes

93
Q

What is the appearance of the prostate on histology?

A

Serous alveoli with infolding epithelium

Trabeculae of muscular stroma

Amorphous eosinophilic masses called corpora amylacea in the alveoli in older men

94
Q

What supplies the deep transverse perineal?

A

Pudendal nerve

95
Q

Which muscles converge towards the perineal body?

A

Bulbospongiosus

Superficial transverse perineal

External anal sphincter

Levator ani

96
Q

Compare pelvic outlet

A

Female = comparitively larg

Male = somparitively small

97
Q

What drains the fundus and upper part of the uterin body?

A

Pre-aortic group of lymph nodes

98
Q

What are the divisions of the uterine tube?

A

Infundibulum

Isthmus

Ampulla

Intramural or uterine part

99
Q

What is the mnemoic for remembering the parts of the inguinal canal?

A

MALT

M (superior) - Internal oblique, transversus abdominis

A (anterior)- External oblique aponeurosis

L (inferior) - Lacunar ligament, inguinal ligament

T (posterior) - Conjoint tendon, transversalis fascia

100
Q

compare obturator foramen

A

Female = oval

Male = round

101
Q

What is the function of umbilical arteries in fetal circulation?

A

Carries deoxygenated blood to the mother

102
Q

What is the nerve supply of the vas deferens, seminal vesicle, prostate and epididymis?

A

Supplied by sympathetic fibres frmo L1 and L2 of the hypogastric plexus

103
Q

What is the anococcygeal body?

A

Strong fibrous body that joins the coccyx to the fibres of levator ani muscle and external anal sphincter

104
Q

What type of joint is the pubic symphysis?

A

Secondary cartilagenous

105
Q

Which artery might replace the ovarian artery?

A

Uterine artery

The ovarian artery freely anastamoses with the uterine artery

106
Q

Which group of lymph nodes receives lymph from the ovary?

A

Para-aortic nodes

107
Q

What is the lhympatic drainage from the distal part of the vagina?

A

Inguinal lymph nodes

108
Q

Where is the external urethral sphincter found?

A

Superficial perineal space

109
Q

What is the supply of the testes and ovary?

A

Gonadal artery (testicular or ovarian)

Arises from the abdominal aorta

110
Q

What is the lymphatic drainaige of the seminal vesicle?

A

Internal iliac nodes or external iliac nodes

111
Q

What is the action of the bulbospongiosus?

A

Compress bulb of penis and spongy urethra

OR

Compress vestibular bulb and constricts the spongy urethra

112
Q

What structures does the testicular artery cross before entering the inguinal canal?

A

Crosses the ureter and lowe part of the external iliac

113
Q

What structures in the male are supplied by the genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve?

A

Cremaster muscle and the scrotal skin

(nerve can be used for nerve block in the repair of inguinal hernias)

114
Q

Look for external anal sphincter

Superficial transverse perineal

Bulbospongiosus

Ischiocavernosus

A
115
Q

Where is the internal urethra found?

A

Subperitoneal space

116
Q

What does the pudendal nerve supply?

A

Pelvic floor and the perineum

117
Q

What ligament attaches the ovary to the uterus?

A

Ligament of ovary

118
Q

What is the innervation of the pelvic diaphragm/floor?

A

Levator ani muscles = pudendal nerve (S2,S3,S4)

Coccygeus = anterior rami of S4 and S5

119
Q

What is a cornual ectopic?

A

A cornual pregnancy is an ectopic pregnancy that develops in the interstitialportion of the fallopian tube invading through the uterine wall. Cornual pregnanciesoften rupture later than other tubal pregnancies because the myometrium is more distensible than the fallopian tube.

120
Q

What is the function of the deep transverse perineal?

A

Fixation and stability of the pelvic floor (expulsion of semen in males)

Expulsion of the last drops of urine in males and females

121
Q

What ligaments are associated with the ovarian artery?

A

Ovarian artery descends with the suspensory ligament to supply the ovaries via the broad ligament

122
Q

What are the landmarks of the breast?

A

Breast extends vertically from the 2nd rib to the 6th rib and horizontally from lateral border of the sternum to the mid-axillary line

123
Q

What does the obturator artery supply?

A

Hip and medial thigh

124
Q

What are the three layers of the uterus?

A

Endometrium

Myometrium

Perimetrium

125
Q

Whata re the four lymph node gorups of the pelvis?

A

External iliac

Intenal iliac

Sacral lymph nodes

Common iliac

126
Q

What is contained in the neurovascular bundle that enters the ischio-anal fossae through the lesser sciatic foramen?

A

Pudendal vein artery and nerve

127
Q

What secretions are produced by the seminal vesicles?

A

Semenal fluid

Proteins

Enzymes

Fructose

Mucous

Vitamin C

Flavins

Phosphorylcholine

Prostaglandins

128
Q

What is the function of the epididymus?

A

Accumulation, storage and maturation of spermatozoa

129
Q

What is the normal position of the uterus?

A

Anteverted and anteflexed

130
Q

Make yourself aware of the different positions of the uterus

A
131
Q

Which muscle occupies the lateral pelvic wall?

A

Obturator internus

132
Q

What is meant by hydrocele?

A

Collection of clear fluid in the tunica vaginalis

133
Q

What does the perineal nerve supply?

A

Bulbospongiosus

Ischiocavernosus

Superficial perineal nerve supplies the superficial transverse perineal muscle

134
Q

What are the two layers of the tunica vaginalis?

A

Parietal layer

Viceral layer

(fluid present between the two layers)

135
Q

What is the structure that allows the anal canal to expand during defaecation?

A

Ischio-anal fossae

136
Q

Where does the genitofemoral nerve enter the inguinal canal?

A

Deep inguinal ring

137
Q

What is a haemoatocele?

A

Collection of blood in the tunica vaginalis

138
Q

What are the functions of the placenta?

A

Gaseous exchange

Nutrition

Attach foetus to uterina wall

Immunity

Secretes hormones

Breaks down food

Removes waste

139
Q

What is the appearance of epididymus?

A

Look it up

140
Q

What muscles are deep to the breast?

A

Pec major

Pec minor

Serratus anterior

141
Q

What are the erectile tissues?

A

Corpora cavernosa of the penis, Clitoris, bubls of vestibule

142
Q

Which part of the rectum drains into portal circulation?

A

Superior rectal vein

143
Q

What is the appearance of the placenta?

A

Fetal side = tubey

Maternal side = rough

144
Q

Why might an episiotomy minimise long term damage?

A

Prevents tears and directs tear awya from anal sphincter

145
Q

What does the ductus venosus obliterate to form?

A

Forms the ligamentum venosum

146
Q

What is contained in the female perineum?

A

Female external genitalia

Perineal muscles

Anal canal

Anatomy Extras (4 decks)

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