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Anatomy Extras > 2nd Year Books > Flashcards

2nd Year Books Flashcards

1
Q

What level does the isthmus of the thyroid lie?

A

Lies opposit the 2nd - 4th tracheal rings

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2
Q

How are the suprarenal glands peritonised?

A

They are retroperitoneal

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3
Q

What exists within the free border of the falciform ligament?

A

Round ligament

Paraumbilical veins

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4
Q

What vertebral level are renal veins given off at?

A

L1 - L2

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5
Q

What is the level of the thyroid?

A

C5 - T1

Lies between the 6th tracheal ring and the thyroid cartilage

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6
Q

What is the terminal group of lymph nodes for the head and neck?

A

The deep cervical nodes - they are found surrounding the internal jugular vein and are contained within the carotid sheath

At the inferior end of the deep cervical chain of lymph nodes, the efferent lymphatic vessels join together to form the jugular lymph trunk on each side

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7
Q

Aneurysms in what artery result in palsy of the third cranial nerve?

A

Posterior cerebral artery

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8
Q

With what two areas does the cavity of the middle ear communicate?

A

Tympanic cavity - nasal cavity via eustachian tube

Mastoid antrum via air cells

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9
Q

Which veins of the stomach drain into the hepatic portal vein, which ones don’t?

A

Right and left gastric veins drain into the hepatic portal vein

Left and right gastro omental veins ultimately drain into the superior mesenteric veins

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10
Q

Where does the septum pellucidum project to?

A

Superiorly = corpus callosum

Inferiorly = fornix

Poseriorly = interventricular foramen

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11
Q

Where do the superior thyroid artery and inferior thyroid artery come from?

A

Superior - branch of ECA

Inferior thyroid artery - subclavian artery?

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12
Q

What are the branches of the ECA

A

Some Anatomists Like Freaking Out Poor Medical Students

Superior thyroid

Ascending pharyngeal

Lingual

Facial

Occipital

Posterior auricular

Maxillary

Superficial temporal

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13
Q

What is the funcion of the tensor tympani?

A

Tenses the tympanic membrane

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14
Q

What is the fornix?

A

A bundle of fibres that links the hippocampus with the mamillary bodies of the hypothalamus

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15
Q

SADPUCKER

A

Suprarenal glands

Aorta/IVC

Duodenum 2nd and 3rd parts

Pancreas (except the tail)

Ureters

Colon (ascending and descending(

Kidneys

Oesophagus

Rectum

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16
Q

Which branch of the renal artery supplies the nephron?

A

Interlobular branches

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17
Q

What do the tracheal nodes drain and where do you find them?

A

Drain the trachea and the thyroid gland - found around the trachea

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18
Q

What structures pass through the cavernous sinus?

A

Oculomotor

Trochlear

Abducent

Opthalmic

Maxillary

Internal carotid

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19
Q

What part of the brain lies immediately superior to the midbrain?

A

Thalamus

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20
Q

What is contained within the diencephalon?

A

The hypothalamus, thalamus and pineal gland

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21
Q

Which 4 bones form the pterion?

A

Frontal

Temporal

Parietal

Sphenoid

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22
Q

What ioens into the sphenoethmoid recess?

A

Sphenoid sinus

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23
Q

Into which vein does the suprarenal vein drain into?

A

RHS = IVC

LHS = Renal vein

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24
Q

Which strutures pass through the parotid?

A

Facial nerve

Retromandibular vein

ECA

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25
Q

What travels through the superior orbital fissure?

A

3,4,5(V1), 6

Opthalmic vein

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26
Q

At what level does the spinal cord terminate ni the adult and a new born?

A

Adult = L1

Newborn = L2/L3

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27
Q

What is the extraocular muscle that does not arise from the posterior aspect of the orbit?

A

Inferior oblique

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28
Q

How many permanent teeth do we have?

A

28/32

I=8

C=4

P=8

M=8/12

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29
Q

What is the apex of the bladder the site of?

A

Site where median umbilical ligament ascends to the umbilicus

Remnant of embryonic urachus

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30
Q

What are the layers if the eye and what do they contain?

A

Tunica fibrosa - corne and sclera

Tunica vasculosa - Iris, cilliary body, choroid

Tunica neurosa oculi - Retina

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31
Q

What type of ossification occurs in flat bones of the vault of the skull?

A

Membranous ossification

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32
Q

Which bone is the styloid process part of?

A

Temporal bone

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33
Q

What are the 4 parts of the corpus callosum?

A

Rostrum, genu, body , splenium

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34
Q

The chorda tympani is part of the facial nerve, what does it supply?

A

Secromotor to submandibular and sublingual salivary glands

Carries special sense of taste to anterior 2/3rds

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35
Q

What separates follicles in the thyroid gland?

A

Fibrous septae

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36
Q

In which layer of the scalp are blood vessels present?

A

In the superficial fascia (connective tissue)

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37
Q

What is the nerve supply to the abdominal viscera?

A

Sympathetic: Abdominal pelvic splanchnic nerves

Prevertebral sympathetic ganglia

Abdominal aortic plexuses

Parasympathetic: Anterior and posterior vagal trunks (vagus)

Pelvic splanchnic nerves

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38
Q

What forms the roof of the nasopharynx?

A

The body of the sphenoid

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39
Q

What is the embryological origin of the components of the suprarenal glands?

A

Cortex = mesodermal epithelium

Medulla - neuroectoderm

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40
Q

What are the acidophils and what do they secrete?

A

Acidophils = somatotrophs = GH

Mammotrophs = Prolactin

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41
Q

What are emissary veins

A

Valveless veins that connect the extracranial venous system with the intracranial venous sinuses - THEY ARE VALVELESS

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42
Q

Opposite which upper tooth does the parotid duct open into the oral cavity?

A

Maxillary second molar

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43
Q

What is the cutaneous innervation of the scalp?

A

Anterior part = V1, V2 and V3 of the trigeminal nerve

Posterior part = cutaneous branches of cervical spinal nerves C2 and C3 (both anterior and posterior rami)

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44
Q

What is the appearance of white matter on a section of a spinal cord?

A

Spinal cord sections are almost always stained, therefore white matter appears darkly stained

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45
Q

How does a double ureter form?

A

Ureteric bud is duplicated from the mesonephrotic duct

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46
Q

What is the nerve supply to the kidneys?

A

Sympathetic nerves originate in the T12 and L1 spinal segments and coeliac ganglion

Parasympathetic nerves are derived from the vagus

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47
Q

Where are the adenoids found?

A

Just below the sphenoid sinus

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48
Q

Which part of the temporal bone does the inner ear lie?

A

Petrous part of the temporal bone

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49
Q

What is the vertebral level of the transpyloric plane

A

L1

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50
Q

What do the retropharyngeal nodes drain and where do you find them?

A

Drain the nasopharynx

Auditory tube

Upper cervical vertebral column

They lie between the pharynx and the vertebral bodies

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51
Q

Between what two layers are the venous sinuses found?

A

Periosteum and cranial dura

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52
Q

Where do the anterior and posterior spinal veins drain into?

A

They communicate freely with each other and join the internal vertebral venous plexus - it lies in the epidural space

The internal vertebral venous plexus communicates with the dural sinuses and veins within the skull.

It also communicates with the external vertebral venous plexus on the external surface of the vertebrae

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53
Q

Where do you find aqeous humour and vitreous humour?

A

Aqeous = anterior segment

Vitreous = posterior segment

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54
Q

What do the posterior spinal arteries form from?

A

The vertebral artery (25%)

or the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (75%)

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55
Q

Where does the facial artery end?

A

Ends just lateral to the pitiform arpeture - it continues as the angular artery

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56
Q

To which bony points does the anterior edge of the tentorium cerebelli attach to?

A

Superior angle of the petrous part of the temporal bone

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57
Q

What level does the dura mater and the arachnoid mater terminate?

A

Dura mater = S2

Arachnoid mater = S2

At S2 the two layers fuse into 1 and end in the filum terminal

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58
Q

What is the dural fold that separates the two cerebelar hemispheres called?

A

Falx cerebelli

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59
Q

What are the three muscles that form the inner longitiudinal layer of the outer layer of the pharynx?

A

Stylopharyngeus

Salpingopharyngeus

Palatopharyngeus

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60
Q

What type of fibres does the cerebral peduncle contain?

A

Corticofugal fibres

Contains corticospinal and corticopontine tracts

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61
Q

Where deos sensory innervation to the pharynx arise from?

A

Arises from the glossopharyngeal

Glossopharyngeus also supplies the motor innervation for the stylopharyngeus

(motor innervation is mainy supplied by the vagus)

(Pharyngeal plexus ting)

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62
Q

Where do the following arteries arise from:

Left and right gastric

Left and right gastro omental

A

Left gastric = Directly from coeliac trunk

Right gastric = Branch of the common hepatic

Left gastro omental = Branch of the splenic

Right gastro omental = Terminal branch of gastroduodenal which arises from the common hepatic

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63
Q

Which cranial nerve emerges just above the superior cerebellar artery?

A

Occulomotor

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64
Q

What is the blood supply to the pituitary and the hypothalamus?

A

Internal carotid and its branches:

Superior hypophyseal = hypothalamus

Inferior hypophyseal = Posterior pituitary

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65
Q

What are the basophils and what do they secrete?

A

Basophils = Corticotrophs (ACTH and MSH)

Thyrotrophs = TSH

Gonadotrophs = FSH and LH

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66
Q

Which sinus does the superior ophthalmic vein drain into?

A

Into the cavernous sinus within the cranial cavity - on the outside of the cranial cavity it is continuous with the facial vein

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67
Q

What lymph nodes are responsible for draining the middle ear and the external auditory meatus?

A

Middle ear - parotid nodes

External auditory meatus - mastoid nodes

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68
Q

What arteries form the basillar artery?

A

Left and right vertebral arteries

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69
Q

What are the cell types contained within the parathyroid gland?

A

Chief cells, pale stain - secrete hormones

Oxyphil cells - Contains adipocytes

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70
Q

What position is the eye if there is third cranial nerve palsy?

A

Abducted and depressed

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71
Q

What do the anterior cervical nodes drain and where do you find them?

A

Drain superficial structures of anterior neck

Lie along anterior jugular veins

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72
Q

What bones form the roof of the nose?

A

From anterior to posterior

Nasal

Frontal

Ethmoid

Body of sphenoid

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73
Q

What cartilage forms a complete ring in the larynx?

A

The cricoid cartilage

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74
Q

How does the hypothalamus commuicate with the anterior pituitary?

A

Hypothalamo-hypophydseal portal system

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75
Q

Which lymph nodes drain the floor of the mouth and the anterior tongue?

A

Submandibular and submental

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76
Q

What are the actions of the pterygoid muscles?

A

Medial - protraction and elevation of mandible

Lateral - protraction of mandible

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77
Q

What are the two articular processes that form this joint?

A

Mandibular fossa of the temporal bone

Condylar process of the mandible

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78
Q

What artery supplies primary auditory area and area for olfaction?

A

MCA

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79
Q

What is the innervation of the following air sinuses?

  1. Frontal
  2. Maxillary
  3. Sphenoid
  4. Ethmoid
A
  1. Frontal = V1
  2. Maxillary = V2
  3. Sphenoid = V1 and V2
  4. Ethmoid = V1
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80
Q

Which triangle of the neck does the accessory nerve lie?

A

Posterior

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81
Q

What are the two folds found in the larynx?

A

Vestibular fold

Vocal fold

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82
Q

What are the three layers of the pharynx?

A

The outer circular

Middle fibrous

Inner mucous membrane

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83
Q

Where is the glottis?

A

The space between the t sets of vocal chords

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84
Q

What is the point between the posterior of the tongue and the epiglottis?

A

Valecula

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85
Q

Where does the inferior thyroid vein drain?

A

Bracocephalic vein

86
Q

What type of ossification occurs in irregular bones of the base of the skull?

A

Endochondral ossification

87
Q

What vertebral level does the common carotid artery divide?

A

C4/C5 (upper level of the thyroid cartilage)

88
Q

Which part of the spinal column has a large ventral horn?

A

Cervical and lumbar regions - contain limb plexuses

89
Q

Through which foramen does the facial nerve exit the posterior cranial fossa?

A

Internal acoustic foramen

Vestibulocochlear also exits through this foramen

90
Q

What type of cells are follicular cells?

A

Cuboidal

Stain pink

91
Q

What is the function of the thalamus?

A

Sensory relay station

92
Q

What separates the anterior horns of the two lateral ventricles?

A

Septum pellucidum

93
Q

What arteries supply the primary visual cortex?

A

Posterior cerebral arteries

94
Q

What makes up the floor of the inguiunal canal?

A

Inguinal ligament

Lacunar ligament

95
Q

What are the ligaments of the liver?

A

Coronary

Falciform (remnant of left umbilical vein)

Round ligament

96
Q

Which arteries supply the primary motor cortex and the primary sensory area?

A

ACA and MCA

97
Q

What is the innervation of the rectus abdominis?

A

Thoracoabdominal nerves T7-T11

98
Q

What structure does the open part of the medulla connect with?

A

Connects with the fourth ventricle

99
Q

Which muscle attaches to the medial pterygoid plate?

A

Superior pharyngeal constrictor

100
Q

What are the actions of the following muscles:

Genioglossus

Hyoglossus

Sytloglossus

Palatoglossus

A

Genioglossus - protudes tongue to opposite side

Hyoglossus - retracts and depresses side of the tongue

Sytloglossus - retraction and elevation of the tongue

Palatoglossus - raises back of tongue

101
Q
A
102
Q

What is the arterial and venous supply of the parathyroid glands?

A

Arterial = Inferior thyroid arteries

Venous = Internal jugular veins

103
Q

What are the extrinsic muscles of the tongue?

A

Genioglossus

Hyoglossus

Sytloglossus

Palatoglossus

104
Q

Where is the third and fourth ventricle located?

A

Third ventricle = diencephalon between the two thalami

Fourth ventricle = Within the pons and the upper part of the medulla

105
Q

What is the vein that lies next to the frenulum?

A

Lingual frenulum

106
Q

What would happen if the recurrent laryngeal nerve was transected?

A

Hoarseness of voice and loss of voice

107
Q

What are the nerves that supply the vocal cords?

A

Recurrent laryngeal (runs between trachea and oesophagus)

Superior laryngeal

108
Q

What are the attachments of the SCM?

A

Clavicle

Manubrium

Mastoid process

Lateral part of the superior nuchal line

109
Q

Which lymph nodes drains the chin?

A

Submental

110
Q

What type of cell secretes calcitonin?

A

Parafollicular C cells

Clear

111
Q

What type of cell surrounds the mucous acini?

A

Myoepithelial cells

112
Q

What is contained within calots triangle?

A

Common hepatic duct

Cystic duct

Inferiorsurface of the liver

113
Q

Which lymph nodes does the lateral aspect of the eye drain into?

A

Drains into the parotid nodes

114
Q

What structure lies immediately lateral to the pyramids?

A

Olives

115
Q

What is the foramen on the back of the tongue?

A

Foramen caecum

116
Q

What is the course of the right recurrent laryngeal and the left recurrent laryngeal?

A

Right = Loops under right subclavian artery before ascending to the larynx

Left = Lops under the arch of the aorta before ascending towards the lasrynx

117
Q

What do serous and mucous acini secrete?

A

Serous = Proteins - they stain strongly

Mucous acini = glycoprotein mucous which stains poorly

118
Q

What passes through the inferior orbital fissure?

A

Maxillary division of the trigeminal

119
Q

What type of epithelium lines the dorsal surface of the tongue?

A

Keratinised squamous epithelium

Skeletel muscle fibres underlie the epitelium of the tongue

120
Q

What makes up the roof of the inguinal canal?

A

Internal oblique

Transversus abdominis

Transversalis fascia

121
Q

What is the neve supply to the intrinsic muscles of the larynx?

A

Recurrent laryngeal nerve apart from the cricothyroid which is supplied by the superior laryngeal nerve

122
Q

What happens to the pia matter after the end of the spinal cord?

A

Projects inferiorly forming a slender filament called the filum terminal

123
Q

What passes through the foramen magnum?

A

Spinal cord (medulla oblongata)

Vertebral arteries

Posterior and anterior spinal arteries

124
Q

What is contained within the lentiform nucleus?

A

The globus pallidus and the putamen

125
Q

What structures are present in the subarachnoid space?

A

Blood vessels

Arachnoid trabeculae

126
Q

What controls the tensor tympani?

A

Branch of CN5 V3

127
Q

What opens into the middle meatus?

A

Maxillay sinus

Frontal sinus

Anterior and middle ethmoidal air cells

128
Q

What colour does the anterior pituitary stain with H and E stain?

A

Anterior is DARK

129
Q

What passes through the superior orbital fissure

A

Occulomotor nerve

IV nerve - trochlear

Abducens nerve

Ophthalmic division of the trigeminal

Ophthalmic veins

130
Q

What makes up the anterior wall of the inguial canal?

A

Aponeurosis of external oblique

Internal oblique

131
Q

What are the attachments of the medial and lateral pterygoid muscles?

A

Lateral pterygoid muscle attaches to the lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate

Medial pterygoid muscle attaches to the medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate, also attaches to the medial surface of the angle and ramus of mandible

132
Q

From which arteries does the left and right vertebral arteries arise from?

A

Arised from the subclavian

133
Q

What is the innervation of the muscles of the soft palate?

A

All supplied by the pharyngeal plexus with the exception of the tensor veli palatini - supplied by the CNV (V3)

134
Q

Which extrinsic muscle of the tongue is not innervated by the hypoglossal nerve?

A

Palatroglossus - supplied by the pharyngeal plexus

135
Q

Which cerebral artery through one of its branches supplies the internal capsule?

A

Middle cerebral artery

136
Q

What are the muscles of the soft palate?

A

Tensor veli palatini

Palatoglossus

Palatpharyngeus

Levator veli palatini

Musculus uvulae

137
Q

What is contained within the porta hepatis of the liver?

A

Contains right and left hepatic ducts

Right and left hepatic arteries and the portal vein

138
Q

Which two vesicles of the neural tube give rise to the brainstem?

A

Mesencephalon and the rohmbencephalon

Mesencephalon = Midbrain

Rhombencephalon = metencephalon (pons) and myencephalon (medulla)

139
Q

What is the fold of dura mater that surrounds the pituitary stalk?

A

Diaphragm sellae

140
Q

Which dural venous sinus runs along the attachment of the falx cerebri to the tentorium?

A

Straight sinus

141
Q

What opens into the inferior meatus?

A

Nasolacrimal duct

142
Q

What are the main secretory cells of the hypothalamus?

A

Magnocellular neurosecretrory cells

143
Q

Which part of the skull are the ear ossicles found?

A

Petrous part of the temporal bone

144
Q

What arteries supply the suprarenal glands?

A

The suprarenal arteries - branches of inferior phrenic arteries, aorta and the renal arteries

145
Q

What part of the hypothalamus can be seen from the surface?

A

Mamillary bodies

146
Q

What are the Compartments of the neck?

A

Vertebral compartment (cervical vertebrae and postural muscles)

Vascular compartments (major blood vessels and the vagus nerve)

Visceral compartment (contains the thyroid, parathyroid glands, pharynx, larynx, trachea and oesophagus)

All enclosed by a musculofascial collar

147
Q

What do the laryngeal nodes drain and where do you find them?

A

Drains the larynx and adjacent structures

Lie around the cricothyroid ligament

148
Q

What is the function of aqueous humour and vitreous humour?

A

Aqueous = maintains intraocular pressure

Vitreous = helps cushion the retina

149
Q

What are the 5 layers of the scalp?

A

Skin

Conenctive tissue

Aponeurosis of the occipitofrontalis muscle

Loose connective tissue

Pericranium

150
Q

When do the following fontanelles fuse?

Anterior

Posterior

A

Anterior = 18-24 months

Posterior = 2 months

151
Q

What structures pass through the transverse foramen of cervical vertebrae?

A

Vertebral artery and vein

Sympathetic nerve plexus

152
Q

Where do the superior thyroid vein and the middle thyroid vein drain?

A

IJV

153
Q

What are the two bones that form the nasal septum?

A
  1. Vomer
  2. Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid
154
Q

What is the level of the transtubercular line?

A

L5

155
Q

What is the bulbous projection on the floor of the lateral ventricle?

A

Caudate nucleus

156
Q

What two bones form the zygomatic arch?

A

Zygomatic bone

Temporal bone

157
Q

What makes up the brachial plexus?

A

Anterior rami of C5-T1

158
Q

What are the 4 main arteries of the stomach?

A

Left and right gastric

Left and right gastro omental

159
Q

What is the sensory nerve supply to the mucous membrane of the larynx?

A

Internal laryngeal nerve

160
Q

What do the superficial cervical nodes drain and where do you find them?

A

Parotid nodes

Angle of mandible

Structures that lie at the junction between the neck, the face and the scalp

Lie along the external jugular vein

161
Q

What are the missing structures?

A
162
Q

What structures go through the oesophageal opening?

A

Left and right vagus

Oesophageal branches of the left gastric artery and vein

Phreno-oesophageal ligament

Lymphatics

163
Q

What are the missing areas on the kidney?

A
164
Q

What travels through the optic canal?

A

The opthalmic artery

The central retinal vein

CN2

165
Q

Opposite what tracheal rings does the thyroid gland lie?

A

Opposite the 2nd and 3rd tracheal rings

166
Q

What type of fibres corss over at the decussation of the pyramids?

A

Corticospinal

167
Q

What is the innervation of the external oblique?

A

Thoracoabdominal nerves (T7-T11) and subcostal nerve (T12).

168
Q

What nerve is the buccinator innervated by?

A

Facial nerve

169
Q

What is the nerve innervation of the stapedius?

A

Facial nerve

170
Q

Which layer of the peritoneal cavity is more sensitive to pain?

A

Parietal

171
Q

What is the function of the stapedius?

A

Dampens vibration

172
Q

What papillae have taste buds?

A

The fungiform and the circumvalate

173
Q

Where does sympathetic innervation of the parotid gland arise from?

A

Arises from the superior cervical ganglion - part of the paravertebral chain

174
Q

What two bones form the hard palate?

A

Palantine process of the maxilla

Horizontal plate of the palantine bone

175
Q

What are the arcades and vasarecta like in the jejunum vs ileum?

And fat in mesentry

A

Vasa recta in jejunum = long

In ileum = short

Arcades in jejunum = few large loops

In ileum = many short loops

Fat in mesentry in jejunum = less

In ileum = more

176
Q

Which lymph nodes drain the cheek region?

A

Buccal

177
Q

Which lymph nodes drains the ethmoidal, frontal and maxillary sinuses?

A

Submandibular nodes

178
Q

Where do the facial vein and the superficial temporal vein drain into?

A

Facial vein = IJV

Superficial temporal = retromandibular

179
Q

What curvature exists in the cervical portion of the spine

A

Lordosis

180
Q

What fissures are assocaited with the following arteries?

  1. Anterior cerebral
  2. Middle cerebral
  3. Posterior cerebral
A
  1. Longitudinal fissure
  2. Lateral fissure
  3. Calcarine sulcus
181
Q

Whata re the suprahyoid muscles and what are their nerve innevations?

A

Mylohyoid - CNV3

Geniohyoid - hypoglossal nerve

Digastric - anterior belly = CN5 V3 posterior belly = posterior facial

Stylohyoid = facial nerve

These muscles elevate the hyoid bone and widen the oesophagus during swallowing

182
Q

What are the following fissures

A
183
Q

What ligaments prevent overadduction and overabduction of the eye?

A

Medial and lateral check ligaments

184
Q

Which nucleus of the thalamus is related to general sensory information from the body?

A

Ventro-postero-lateral nucleus of the thalamus

185
Q

What is the paired cartilage of the larynx?

A

Arytenoid

186
Q

What are the layers of the outer muscular layer of the pharynx?

A

Contains an outer circular layer and an inner longitudinal layer

Outer circular = superior, middle and inferior constrictors

187
Q

What is the nerve that passes through the mandibular foramen?

A

Inferior alveolar nerve - branch of C5V3 - provides sensory innervation to the mandibular area

188
Q

Which foramen lies immediately anterior to the groove for the cavernous sinus?

A

Optic canal

189
Q

at makes up the posterior wall of the inguinal canal?

A

Transversalis fascia

190
Q

How does CSF pass into the subarachnoid space from the 4th ventricle?

A

1 x foramen magendie

2 x foramen lusceka

191
Q

What opens into the superior meatus?

A

Posterior ethmoidal air cells

192
Q

Name three of the organs that are within the stomach bed?

A

Pancreas

Spleen

Left kidney

193
Q

What are the following fissures

A
194
Q

What is the innervation of the internal oblique/transversus abdominis?

A

Thoracoabdominal nerves (T6-T11), subcostal nerve (T12) and branches of the lumbar plexus.

195
Q

What is the purpose of the ureters?

A

Transports urine from renal pelvis to bladder

196
Q

What is the hole in the centre of the spinal cord - what does it contain?

A

Central canal - contains ependymal cells that produce CSF

197
Q

What are the attachment of the following muscles?

Genioglossus

Hyoglossus

Sytloglossus

Palatoglossus

A

Genioglossus - Inner surface of the mandible

Hyoglossus - Hyoid bone

Sytloglossus - Styloid process

Palatoglossus - Soft palate

198
Q

What is the function of the salpingopharyngeus?

A

Opens the eustachian tube during swallowing and yawning

199
Q

What are the muscles that attach to the hyoid bone?

A

Suprahyoid muscles

Infrahyoid muscles

Sternohyoid

Middle pharyngeal constrictor

200
Q

What are the cervical plexus root values?

A

C1-C5 - emerge between the scalene muscles (anterior and medial)

Contains the phrenic nerve

Ansa cervicalis is the loop of nerves that are part of the cervical plexus

201
Q

Which muscle lies posterior the ureter?

A

Psoas major

202
Q

Which embryological structure are the ventricles formed from?

A

Formed from the neural tube

203
Q

What does the anterior spinal artery form from?

A

Vertebral arteries

204
Q

What muscle does the parotid duct pierce to enter the oral cavity?

A

The buccinator muscle

205
Q

What type of fibres does the middle cerebellar peduncle contain?

A

Contains centripetal fibrs

206
Q

Which part of the bladder does the urethra exit?

A

Internal urethral orifice

207
Q

Which lymph nodes drain the scalp?

A

Parotid - drains the scalp surrounding the carotid

Mastoid - middle region of the scalp

Submandibular - front of the saclp

Occipital - back of the scalp

208
Q

What is the innervation of the ciliaris muscle, constrictor pupillae and the dilator pupillae?

A

Cilliaris - cranial nerve 3

Constrictor pupillae - cranial nerve 3

Dilator pupillae - sympathetic innervation

209
Q

What passes through the optic foramen?

A

Optic nerve

Ophthalmic artery

210
Q

What are the infrhyoid muscles and what are their nerve innervations?

A

Thyrohyoid - C1 (hitches a ride on the hypoglossal nerve)

Omohyoid - Ansa cervicalis

Sternohyoid - Ansa cervicalis

Sternothyroid - Ansa cervicalis

Depress the hyoid bone and larynx during swallowing and speech

211
Q

What are the attachments of the masseter?

A

Zygomatic bone and arch

Outer surface of the ramus and angle of the mandible

212
Q

How many decidous teeeth do we have?

A

20

I = 8

C = 4

M = 8

Anatomy Extras (4 decks)

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