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Reproduction B10 Flashcards

1
Q

What is asexual reproduction

A

Process resulting in the production of genetically identical offspring from one parent

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2
Q

Advantages of asexual reproduction

A
  • Species can multiply faster
  • Only one parent needed
  • Species can colonise new habitats faster and more efficiently
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3
Q

Disadvantages of asexual reproduction

A
  • Species that rely on asexual reproduction have minimal variation
  • Limited chance of survival in a different or changing environment
  • Species will not evolve as effectively than sexual
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4
Q

Examples of asexual reproduction

A
  • Plants
  • Bacteria
  • Yeast
  • Starfish
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5
Q

What is sexual reproduction

A

Process involving the fusion of the nuclei of two gametes to form a zygote and the productio of offspring that are genetically different from each other

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6
Q

What type of cells are nuclei of gametes

A

Haploid

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7
Q

What type of cells are the nucleus of a zygote

A

Diploid

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8
Q

Advantages of sexual production

A
  • Gives rise to variation
  • The species has a higher chance of survival in different conditions
  • Evolution occurs efficiently
  • Negative mutation takes longer to inflict on a population
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9
Q

Disadvantages of sexual advantages

A
  • Takes a long time to court
  • Takes a while to colonise new habitats
  • Requires two parents
  • Produces fewer offspring than asexual reproduction
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10
Q

Function of sepals

A

A hard layer that protect the flower while it is a bud

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11
Q

Function of petals

A

Come in different, vibrant colours to attract insects for pollination

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12
Q

Function of anthers

A

To produce and provide the pollen

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13
Q

Function of ovaries

A

Contains ovules, which develop into seeds when they are fertilised

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14
Q

Properties of insect pollinated pollen grains

A
  • Larger, heavier
  • Sticky or spiky
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15
Q

Properties of wind pollinated pollen grains

A
  • smooth, light
  • Produces higher numbers of pollen grains
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16
Q

What is pollination

A

The transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma

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17
Q

When does fertilisation happen

A

When pollen nucleus fuses with a nucleus in an ovule

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18
Q

Oxygen to seed germination

A

Oxygen is required for respiration, which provides seed with energy

19
Q

Water to seed germination

A

Required to make food in food stores

20
Q

Warmth to seed germination

A

Plants need a suitable temperature to grow Ex) 25 C
They usually grow in spring and summer

21
Q

Function of testes

A

Production of male gametes (sperms)

22
Q

Function of scrotum

A

Sac that holds the testes outside the body

23
Q

Function of sperm ducts

A

Transfer sperm to the urethra

24
Q

Function of prostate gland

A

Screte fluids for sperm to swim in forming semen

25
Q

Function of urethra

A

Carries urine and semen out of the body

26
Q

Function of penis

A

Transfers semen to vagina during sexual intercourse

27
Q

Function of ovaries

A

Release of female gametes (eggs)

28
Q

Function of oviducts

A

Transfers egg to uterus and the site of fertilisation

29
Q

Function of uterus

A

where the fetus develops

30
Q

Function of cervix

A

Ring of muscle at the opening of the uterus

31
Q

Function of vagina

A

Receives penis during sexual intercourse

32
Q

What is fertilisation in humans

A

The fusion of the nuclei from a sperm and a egg cell

33
Q

Features of sperm

A
  • Smallest human cell
  • Makes a whipping motion with their flagellum to propel themsleves
  • less than 20 to 40 million
34
Q

Features of Ovum

A
  • Largest human cell
  • Immobile -> moved by fluid
  • Only one released each month
35
Q

Function of the acrosome

A

When the acrosome contacts with egg layers, it releases enzymes helping the sperm to digest its way through the layers

36
Q

Function of the jelly coating

A

‘Zona pellucide’ - When one sperm enters, it becomes unpenetrable, which stops polyspermy

37
Q

What is a embryo

A

A ball of cells that implants into the wall of the uterus

38
Q

Function of umbilical cord

A

Takes blood from the foetus to te placenta

39
Q

Function of placenta

A

Provides oxygen and nutrients to a developing baby
- Prevents bloods from mixing
- provides a barrier to most toxins

40
Q

Function of amniotic sac

A

Enclosing the amniotic fluid and preventing the entry of bacteria

41
Q

Function of amniotic fluid

A

Supporting the foetus and protecting it from physical damage

42
Q

What do HIV infection cause

A

AIDS(Aquired immune deficiency syndrome)

43
Q

State methods of transmission of HIV

A
  • Infected mother to foetus across placenta
  • Feeding a baby milk from an infected mother
  • Unprotected sexual intercourse
  • Transfusion with unscreened blood
44
Q

Methods to prevent the spread of STIs

A
  • Having only one sexual partner
  • Wait and test
  • Get vaccinaated
  • Use contraception

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