Reproduction And Mitosis Flashcards
What is the Cell Theory?
All living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic unit of life, and all cells arise from pre-existing cells.
Define Prokaryotic cells
Cells that lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
Define Eukaryotic cells
Cells that have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
What is the function of Chloroplasts?
Site of photosynthesis in plant cells.
What is the role of the Cell Wall?
Provides structure and protection to plant cells.
What is the function of the Nucleus?
Contains the cell’s genetic material (DNA) and controls cellular activities.
What is a Vacuole?
A storage organelle in cells.
What is the Cell Membrane?
A lipid bilayer that surrounds the cell and regulates what enters and exits.
What is the function of Mitochondria?
Powerhouse of the cell; produces energy (ATP) through respiration.
What is the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)?
An organelle involved in protein and lipid synthesis.
What is the role of Centrioles?
Involved in cell division and the formation of spindle fibers.
What characterizes a Plant Cell?
Contains a cell wall, chloroplasts, and large vacuoles.
What characterizes an Animal Cell?
Lacks a cell wall and chloroplasts, smaller vacuoles.
What is the Cell Cycle?
The series of events that take place in a cell leading to its division and duplication.
What is Mitosis?
A process of cell division that results in two identical daughter cells.
What occurs during Interphase?
The cell grows and prepares for division.
What is Cytokinesis?
The division of the cytoplasm to form two separate cells.
What are Chromosomes?
Structures that carry genetic information.
What happens during Prophase?
Chromosomes condense and become visible, and the nuclear envelope breaks down.
What occurs during Metaphase?
Chromosomes align at the cell’s equatorial plane.
What happens during Anaphase?
Sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles of the cell.
What occurs during Telophase?
Nuclear membranes reform around the two sets of chromosomes.
What is Meiosis?
A type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half, producing gametes.
Define Sexual Reproduction
Involves the fusion of male and female gametes.
Define Asexual Reproduction
Involves a single organism producing offspring without the fusion of gametes.
What is Fertilization?
The process of combining male and female gametes to form a zygote.
What is a Gamete?
A reproductive cell (sperm or egg).
What is a Zygote?
The fertilized egg resulting from the fusion of gametes.
What is an Embryo?
An early stage of development following the zygote stage.
What is a Fetus?
The developing organism after the embryonic stage.
What is DNA?
The molecule that carries genetic information.
What distinguishes Unicellular organisms?
Organisms made up of a single cell.
What distinguishes Multicellular organisms?
Organisms made up of multiple cells.
Define Haploid
A cell that has half the number of chromosomes (n).
Define Diploid
A cell that has two sets of chromosomes (2n).
What is Pollination?
The transfer of pollen from male to female reproductive structures.
What is an Egg in biological terms?
The female gamete.
What is Sperm in biological terms?
The male gamete.
What is Fragmentation?
A form of asexual reproduction where an organism breaks into fragments, each capable of growing into a new organism.
What is Spore Production?
A method of asexual reproduction involving the production of spores.
What is Budding?
A form of asexual reproduction where a new organism develops from an outgrowth of a parent.
What is Vegetative Reproduction?
Asexual reproduction in plants through structures such as runners or tubers.
What is Binary Fission?
A method of asexual reproduction in which a single organism divides into two identical organisms.
What is Parthenogenesis?
A form of asexual reproduction in which an egg develops into an organism without fertilization.
What is Grafting?
A method of asexual reproduction in plants where a piece of one plant is attached to another.
What is Cancer?
The uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells.
What is a Carcinogen?
A substance that can cause cancer.
What is a Tumour?
An abnormal mass of tissue that can be benign or malignant.
What is a Clone?
An organism that is genetically identical to another organism.
Define Homozygous
Having two identical alleles for a specific gene.
Define Heterozygous
Having two different alleles for a specific gene.
What is a Hybrid?
An organism that has two different alleles for a trait.
What is a Purebred?
An organism that has identical alleles for a trait.
What are Punnett Squares used for?
To predict the genetic outcome of a cross between two organisms.
What is a Dominant Trait?
A trait that is expressed in the phenotype even if only one allele is present.
What is a Recessive Trait?
A trait that is expressed in the phenotype only when two recessive alleles are present.
What are Sex Organs?
Organs involved in reproduction.
What is a Hermaphrodite?
An organism that has both male and female reproductive organs.
What is Contraception?
Methods to prevent pregnancy.
What is Artificial Insemination?
A medical procedure to introduce sperm into a female’s reproductive system.
What is In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)?
A process of fertilizing an egg outside the body and implanting it into the uterus.
What are Heritable Traits?
Traits that can be passed from parents to offspring.
What are Non-Heritable Traits?
Traits that cannot be passed from parents to offspring.
What is Heredity?
The passing of traits from parents to offspring.
What is a Trait?
A characteristic that can be inherited.
What is a Gene?
A segment of DNA that codes for a specific trait.
What is a Genotype?
The genetic makeup of an organism.
What is a Phenotype?
The observable characteristics of an organism.
