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Biology - IGCSE > Reproduction and inheritance - IGCSE > Flashcards

Reproduction and inheritance - IGCSE Flashcards

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1
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

A form of reproduction involving a single parent
It creates genetically identical offspring

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2
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

A form of reproduction involving the fusion of male and female gametes
It creates genetic variation

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3
Q

Fertilisation

A

The fusion of the nucleus of male and female gametes
It restores the full chromosome number

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4
Q

Pollination

A

The transfer of pollen grains (either by the wind or insects) from the male part of a plant to a female part, enabling fertilisation

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5
Q

Embryo

A

An unborn organism in an early stage of development

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6
Q

Zygote

A

A fertilised egg

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7
Q

Gametes

A

Sex cells with half the usual number of chromosomes

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8
Q

Menstrual cycle

A

The monthly cycle in women that involves the development of the uterus lining, ovulation, maintenance of the uterus lining and its shedding

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9
Q

Luteinising hormone (LH)

A

A hormone secreted by pituitary gland that initiates ovulation (the release of an egg from the ovary)

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10
Q

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

A hormone produced by the pituitary gland that stimulates the growth of follicles in the ovary and the secretion of oestrogen

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11
Q

Oestrogen

A

The main female reproductive hormone released by the ovaries that causes the growth and repair of the uterus lining
Oestrogen is also responsible for the development of secondary sexual characteristics

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12
Q

Progesterone

A

A hormone produced in the ovaries and placenta that mantains in the uterus lining

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13
Q

Testosterone

A

The main male reproductive hormone produced by the testes
It stimulates the production of sperm and is responsible for the development of male secondary sexual characteristics

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14
Q

Secondary sexual characteristics

A

Features that appear during puberty and differ between males and females

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15
Q

DNA

A

A double-stranded polymer wound to form a double helix that carries the genetic code
Each polymer contains long sequences of four bases: adenine, cytosine, guanine and thymine

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16
Q

RNA

A

A single-stranded polymer that contains the same bases as DNA, expected that thymine is replaced with uracil

17
Q

Gene

A

A section of DNA that codes for a specific sequence of amino acids which undergo polymerisation to form a protein

18
Q

Chromosome

A

A long, coiled molecule of DNA that carries genetic information in the form of genes

19
Q

Sex chromosomes

A

A pair of chromosomes that determines the sex of an individual
XX in human females and XY in males

20
Q

Allele

A

A version of a gene
Alleles cause differences in inherited characteristics

21
Q

Genome

A

The complete genetic material of an organism

22
Q

Genotype

A

An organism’s genetic composition
Describes all alleles

23
Q

Phenotype

A

An organism’s obsevable characteristics
Due to interactions of the genotype and the environment

24
Q

Heterozygous

A

When someone has two different alleles of a gene

25
Q

Homozygous

A

When someone has two identical alleles of a gene

26
Q

Haploid

A

Refers to a cell that contains one set of chromosomes

27
Q

Diploid

A

Refers to a cell that contains two sets of chromosomes
A diploid human cell contains 46 chromosomes

28
Q

Meiosis

A

A form of cell division that produces gametes, non-identical cells with half the usual number of chromosomes

29
Q

Mitosis

A

A form of cell division that produces two genetically identical daughter cells (with a full set of chromosomes) from one parent cell.
Mitosis is involved in repair, growth, cloning and asexual reproduction

30
Q

Mutation

A

A random change in DNA which may result in genetic variants

31
Q

Protein synthesis

A

The formation of a protein from a gene

32
Q

Transcription

A

The first stage of protein synthesis in which an mRNA molecule is synthesised in the nucleus
It is complementary to a particular sequence of DNA

33
Q

Recessive

A

Describes an allele that is only expressed in the absence of a dominant allele

34
Q

Dominant

A

Describes an allele that is always expressed

35
Q

tRNA

A

A form of RNA that carries specific amino acids to the ribosomes for translation

36
Q

mRNA

A

A molecule of RNA that has a complementary sequence to that of a specific DNAA molecule
The mRNA molecule is formed in the nucleus
It leaves and moves to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm

37
Q

Translation

A

The second phase of protein synthesis that takes place in the ribosome
mRNA is used as a template for the attachment of tRNA molecules with complementary anticodons
The amino acids carried on adjacent tRNA molecules are joined to form a protein

Biology - IGCSE (5 decks)

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