Reproduction And Genetics

Question 1

What are the three main principles of the cell theory?

Answer 1

1) All living things are composed of cells. 2) Cells are the basic unit of structure and function. 3) All cells come from pre-existing cells.

Question 2

How do sexual and asexual reproduction differ?

Answer 2

Sexual reproduction involves two parents and produces genetic diversity, while asexual reproduction involves one parent and produces identical offspring.

Question 3

Why is sexual reproduction beneficial for a species’ survival?

Answer 3

It increases genetic diversity, which can help a species adapt to changing environments.

Question 4

What is the role of gametes in sexual reproduction?

Answer 4

Gametes (sperm and egg) carry genetic information from each parent and fuse to form a new organism.

Question 5

What is fertilisation, and what are the two types?

Answer 5

Fertilisation is the fusion of male and female gametes. It can be internal (inside the body) or external (outside the body, e.g., in water).

Question 6

What are the main structures of the male and female reproductive systems?

Answer 6

Male: testes, vas deferens, penis. Female: ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina.

Question 7

What are the main functions of male and female reproductive organs?

Answer 7

Male organs produce and deliver sperm; female organs produce eggs, enable fertilisation, and support embryo development.

Question 8

What is the path of gametes for fertilisation?

Answer 8

Sperm travels through the vagina, cervix, and uterus to reach the egg in the fallopian tube, where fertilisation occurs.

Question 9

Where does fertilisation occur in humans?

Answer 9

In the fallopian tubes.

Question 10

What is in vitro fertilisation (IVF)?

Answer 10

IVF involves retrieving eggs and sperm, fertilising them outside the body, and implanting the embryo into the uterus.

Question 11

What is heredity?

Answer 11

Heredity is the passing of traits from parents to offspring.

Question 12

What is the difference between dominant and recessive alleles?

Answer 12

Dominant alleles express their traits even with one copy; recessive alleles need two copies to express the trait.

Question 13

Why is Mendel’s experiment considered reliable and valid?

Answer 13

Mendel’s experiment had a large sample size, clear patterns, and repeatable results, making it reliable and valid.

Question 14

How would you determine the offspring traits from a dominant-recessive allele pair?

Answer 14

Use a Punnett square to predict the trait outcomes based on allele pairs.

Question 15

What’s the difference between a phenotype and a genotype?

Answer 15

Genotype is the genetic makeup, while phenotype is the physical expression of those genes.

Question 16

What symbols are used in a pedigree chart?

Answer 16

Squares represent males, circles represent females, and shaded shapes show individuals with a trait.

Question 17

How do you trace a trait in a pedigree?

Answer 17

Follow the shapes and shading through generations to see how the trait is inherited.

Question 18

What are some key structures in plant and animal cells?

Answer 18

Both have a nucleus, cytoplasm, and membrane. Plant cells also have a cell wall and chloroplasts.

Question 19

How are cells, the nucleus, chromosomes, and DNA related?

Answer 19

DNA is in chromosomes within the nucleus, which is inside the cell.

Question 20

What are genes, chromosomes, and DNA?

Answer 20

DNA is the molecule carrying genetic info; chromosomes are DNA structures; genes are DNA segments coding for traits.

Question 21

What is mitosis, and why is it important?

Answer 21

Mitosis is asexual reproduction for growth and repair in multicellular organisms.

Question 22

Why is meiosis important in reproduction?

Answer 22

Meiosis creates haploid gametes (sperm and egg), which are essential for fertilisation.

Question 23

What is the structure of DNA?

Answer 23

DNA has a double helix structure with two strands twisted and connected by base pairs.

Question 24

What is the base pairing rule in DNA?

Answer 24

Adenine pairs with Thymine, and Cytosine pairs with Guanine.

Question 25

Why must DNA replicate exactly?

Answer 25

Exact replication ensures genetic information is accurately passed to new cells.

Question 26

How does DNA code for proteins?

Answer 26

DNA sequences (genes) are transcribed and translated to create specific proteins.

Question 27

What is a mutation?

Answer 27

A mutation is a change in the DNA sequence of a cell.

Question 28

What is biotechnology?

Answer 28

Biotechnology involves using living organisms or systems to develop products.

Question 29

How can a gene be transferred between organisms?

Answer 29

Through genetic engineering, a gene is inserted from one organism into another to express a desired trait.

Question 30

What’s a method used for genetic modification?

Answer 30

CRISPR is a method that edits specific genes to alter an organism’s traits.

Question 31

How is genetic engineering used in agriculture and medicine?

Answer 31

GM crops resist pests, and genetically engineered insulin treats diabetes.

Question 32

What are the advantages and disadvantages of GM foods?

Answer 32

Advantages: increased yield, pest resistance. Disadvantages: environmental concerns, ethical issues.

Question 33

What did the Human Genome Project achieve?

Answer 33

It mapped all human genes, aiding in genetic research and personalized medicine.