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Mammalian Physiology II > Reproduction and Final Exam > Flashcards

Reproduction and Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Males can produce up to 120 million sperm cells per day. True/false

A

True

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2
Q

The prostate gland adds alkaline fluid to semen. (True/False)

A

True

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3
Q

What triggers the release of FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary?

    a. Testosterone
b. GnRH
c. Androgens
d. Prolactin
A

B- GnRH

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4
Q

Ovulation typically occurs on about day 14 of the menstrual cycle (True/False)

A

True

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5
Q

What hormone is produced by the maturing egg that drives the positive feedback loop required for ovulation?

a. FSH
b. LH
c. estrogen
d. progesterone

A

C- Estrogen

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6
Q

At approximately which age does menopause occur?–

a. 13
b. 15
c. 37
d. 46
e. 59

A

D- 46

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7
Q

Where does fertilization typically occur?

a. ovary
b. Fallopian tube
c. uterus
d. vagina

A

B- Fallopian/uterine tubules

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8
Q

What is the primary constituent of human milk?

a. water
b. fat
c. lactose
d. antibodies

A

A-Water

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9
Q

Maternal and fetal blood are allowed to freely mix in the placenta. (True/False)

A

False

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10
Q

What is the site of sperm production

A

Seminiferous tubules

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11
Q

What is the site of sperm maturation

A

Epididymis

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12
Q

What is the site of sperm storage?

A

Vas Deferens

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13
Q

How long can sperm be held and where is it held?

A

Can be stored in the vas deferens for about a month

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14
Q

What is the function of the seminal vesicles?

A

secrete fructose, citric acid, prostaglandins, and fibrinogen into semen

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15
Q

What is the function of prostaglandins in reproduction/sexual activity

A

prostaglandins make female cervical mucus more receptive to sperm and cause reverse peristaltic contractions in the uterine wall and Fallopian tubes to draw sperm into the female reproductive tract faster

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16
Q

In ejaculate, how much of it is from seminal vesicles

A

60%

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17
Q

What is the function of the prostate gland?

A

secretes alkaline fluid and clotting enzymes into semen

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18
Q

What is the prostate gland’s function in reproduction/sexual activity

A

the clotting enzymes work on the fibrinogen from the seminal vesicles to form a “fibrin coagulum” at the cervix in the female to hold sperm deeper in the female reproductive tract for a longer period of time. Fibrin coagulum breaks down in 15-30 minutes. Alkaline fluid counteracts the acidic fluid in the vagina to create an optimal pH environment for sperm movement.

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19
Q

What percentage of prostate secretions are in ejaculate-

A

30% of ejaculate is made of prostatic secretions

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20
Q

Function of bulbourethral glands

A

secrete mucus to make semen slippery to reduce friction, not much volume

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21
Q

What is the optimum temperature for fertility?

A

2 degrees cooler than body temp

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22
Q

How long can sperm live at body temperature

A

24-48 hours

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23
Q

How long and what temperature can sperm be preserved in

A

-100 C for years

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24
Q

What produces testosterone?-

A

Leydig cells

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25
Q

Functions of testosterone in males

A

masculinizes the male body
occurs in high levels during fetal development and first 10 weeks of life; then virtually none until age 13, then rises to adulthood and tapers off after age 50

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26
Q

Leutenizing hormone (LH Function)-

A

stimulates Leydig cells to secrete testosterone

amount of testosterone secreted increases in direct proportion to the amount of LH secreted

testosterone works at the level of the hypothalamus to decrease GnRH secretion in a negative feedback loop

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27
Q

FSH Function

A

binds with receptors on Sertoli cells and causes them to grow and secrete substances that initiate spermatogenesis

testosterone diffusing in from the Leydig cells aids in this process

Sertoli cells secrete inhibin which inhibits the AP from releasing FSH in a negative feedback loop

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28
Q

Ovaries

A

Site of egg production

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29
Q

Fallopian tubes

A

Transfer the ovum(egg) to the uterus, fertilization occurs here

30
Q

Uterus

A

Development of fetus, placenta, and fetal membrane occurs here

31
Q

Vagina

A

Entrance to the female reproductive tract

32
Q

Women Age 9-12

A

pituitary begins to secrete FSH/LH and levels progressively increase

33
Q

Women Age 11-15

A

puberty and menarche

34
Q

Women Age 13-46

A

400-500 primary oocytes mature and are ovulated into Fallopian tubes, most degenerate or become atretic

35
Q

Women Age 46 ish

A

menopause occurs when a female runs out of primary oocytes

36
Q

Describe the negative feedback control in females

A

GnRH from hypothalamus triggers release of FSH and LH from AP which triggers the release of estrogen and progesterone from ovaries

37
Q

Describe the role of FSH in women

A

Stimulates 6-12 primary follicles to continue development
Rapid proliferation of granulosa cells
Spindle cells from ovarian interstitium give rise to theca cells
Theca interna secrete estrogen and progesterone
Theca externa develops into a highly vascular connective tissue that surrounds the developing follicle
Granulosa cells secrete high levels of estrogen

38
Q

Describe the positive feedback loop that drives follicle maturation

A

Accumulation of estrogen causes an antrum to appear in the granulosa cells
Greatly accelerated growth of follicle occurs because

39
Q

Describe the ovarian cycle

A

day 1-14: follicular phase

day 14-28: luteal phase

40
Q

Describe the uterine cycle

A

a. menstrual: days 1-5
b. proliferative: days 5-14
c. secretory: days 14-28

41
Q

Proliferative phase of the uterine cycle

A

post-menstruation, endometrium is thin

estrogen causes proliferation of endometrium

at ovulation, endometrium is 3-5 mm thick

42
Q

Secretory phase of the uterine cycle

A

estrogen and progesterone cause more proliferation of endometrium (peaks at 5-6 mm thick)

increase blood supply

increase lipid and glycogen supply

increase exocrine gland activity

basically gets uterus ready for pregnancy

43
Q

Menstrual phase of the uterine cycle

A

if pregnancy does NOT occur, the corpus luteum degenerates and falling estrogen and progesterone levels allow endometrial lining to slough off and leave the body

vasospastic blood vessels

local hemorrhage with necrosis of endometrium with sloughing

44
Q

Menstrual phase of the uterine cycle

A

if pregnancy does NOT occur, the corpus luteum degenerates and falling estrogen and progesterone levels allow endometrial lining to slough off and leave the body

vasospastic blood vessels

local hemorrhage with necrosis of endometrium with sloughing

45
Q

Functions of progesterone in the Uterus

A

promotes changes in secretory function during the latter half of the menstrual cycle to prepare uterus for implantation

46
Q

Functions of progesterone in the fallopian/uterine tubules

A

promotes secretions to nourish fertilized egg

47
Q

Functions of progesterone in the breasts

A

promotes development of lobules and alveoli (milk-secreting tissue) and causes swelling in 2nd half of cycle but need prolactin for milk production

48
Q

Hypogonadism

A

less than normal secretion of ovaries caused by poorly formed ovaries, lack of ovaries, or genetically abnormal ovaries can result in irregular menses or amenorrhea; if ovaries are absent/nonfunctional before puberty female eunichism occurs which results in prolonged growth of long bones (taller than normal), lack of secondary female sexual characteristics, infantile sex organs

49
Q

Hypersecretion by ovaries

A

rare because of the negative feedback effects of estrogens on the AP; usually caused by a tumor that functions independently of AP to produce large quantities of hormones; sometimes results in irregular bleeding

50
Q

Primary Oocyte

A

still in ovary, arrested in prophase 1 of meiosis

51
Q

Secondary Oocyte

A

meiosis 1 is completed at the time of ovulation and a first polar body is ejected

52
Q

Corona Radiata

A

secondary oocyte with a hundred or more attached granulosa cells is expelled into peritoneal cavity

53
Q

Fimbriae

A

(activated by estrogen) help move oocyte into oviducts

54
Q

Describe the process of implantation

A

Blastocyst remains in uterine cavity ~ 1 to 3 days before implantation

Implantation usually occurs ~ 1 week after ovulation

Before implantation, uterine milk secreted from endometrial cells support blastocyst

Trophoblast cells develop over the surface of the blastocyst that secrete proteolytic enzymes that digest and liquefy endometrial cells around blastocyst

Blastocyst cells and endometrial cells proliferate rapidly to form placenta and pregnancy membranes

55
Q

How are early embryos given nutrition?

A

Progesterone secreted by the corpus luteum converts endometrial stromal cells into decidual cells that contain glycogen, proteins, lipids, and some minerals to support conceptus during the first 8 weeks of development (trophoblastic period of nutrition)

Decidual cells are the only source of nourishment for the first week, but then placenta starts to help

56
Q

Pituitary secretions during pregnancy

A

Anterior pituitary of mother enlarges at least 50%

Increased production of corticotropin, thyrotropin, and prolactin

Secretion of FSH and LH falls almost to zero because of negative feedback from estrogens and progesterones from placenta

57
Q

Corticosteroid secretion during pregnancy

A

Glucocorticoid secretion is moderately increased during pregnancy, possibly to help mobilize amino acids from maternal tissues for use by the fetus

2X increase in aldosterone by end of gestation which causes excess sodium reabsorption and therefore water reabsorption which can lead to pregnancy-induced hypertension

58
Q

Thyroid Gland Secretion during pregnancy

A

Thyroid gland enlarges 50% and secretes more thyroxine

Induced by placental secretion of human chorionic gonadotropin and human chorionic thyrotropin

59
Q

Parathyroid gland secretion during pregnancy

A

Usually enlarge during pregnancy to cause calcium absorption from mother’s bones to make it available to fetus

Effects intensify during lactation

60
Q

Response of mother’s body to pregnancy

A

Uterus increases from 50 grams to 1100 grams

Breasts double in size

Vagina enlarges

Can develop acne, edema, and masculine or acromegalic features

61
Q

Weight gain during pregnancy

A

Average = 24 lbs with most in the last 2 trimesters

7 lbs is fetus; 4 lbs is amniotic fluid, placenta, and fetal membranes; 2 lbs is uterus; 2 lbs is breasts; 6 lbs of maternal blood and ECF increase; 3 lbs of fat accumulation

Removal of nutrients from maternal blood by fetus and hormonal changes cause an increase in desire for food

62
Q

Metabolism during pregnancy

A

Increased secretion of thyroxine, adrenocortical hormones, and the sex hormones cause a 15% increase in BMR

Leads to a perception of being hot

More energy expended to carry increased load

63
Q

Nutrition during pregnancy

A

Greatest growth of fetus occurs during the last trimester; fetal weight almost doubles

Mother cannot absorb enough protein, calcium, phosphates, and iron from diet to supply fetus

Prior storage of these in normal storage areas of mother and in placenta to support fetus

64
Q

Hormonal factors that increase Uterine contractility

A

Increased ratio of estrogens to progesterone: progesterone decreases uterine contractility and estrogen increases uterine contractility

Oxytocin effects: uterine muscle increases oxytocin receptors during last few months of pregnancy; rate of oxytocin secretion increases during labor; labor is prolonged in animals without a pituitary gland; cervical irritation triggers an increase in oxytocin secretion

Fetal tissues secrete oxytocin, cortisol, and prostaglandins that increase uterine contractility

65
Q

Mechanical factors that increase uterine contractility

A

Stretch of smooth muscle in uterus increases contractility; fetal movement causes more stretch close to term to increase contractility

Stretch or irritation of the cervix increases contractility probably through myogenic transmission of signals from cervix to body of uterus

66
Q

Estrogen role in lactation

A

(and growth hormone, prolactin, adrenal glucocorticoids, and insulin): trigger growth of ductal system throughout pregnancy; prohibits actual secretion of milk

67
Q

Progesterone role in lactation

A

additional growth of breast lobules and budding of alveoli; triggers secretory function of cells in alveoli; prohibits actual secretion of milk

68
Q

Prolactin role in lactation

A

promotes milk secretion; starts to increase in 5th week of pregnancy to about 10 to 20 X normal by end of pregnancy

69
Q

Colostrum role in lactation

A

secreted few days before baby is born to a few days after; secreted at 1/100th the rate of milk; contains same concentrations of proteins and lactose as milk but no fat

70
Q

Milk supply can be maintained for several years, but

A

decreases significantly after 7-9 months

71
Q

Milk ejection is controlled by

A

neurogenic and hormonal (oxytocin) factors

72
Q

Human milk contents

A

Contains: 88.5% water, 3.3% fat, 6.8% lactose, 0.9% casein, 0.4% lactalbumin and other proteins, 0.2% ash

Height of lactation: up to 1.5 L/day

Contains antibodies, anti-infectious agents, neutrophils, macrophages

Mammalian Physiology II (4 decks)

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