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Biology Sem 2 test 1 > Reproduction and development > Flashcards

Reproduction and development Flashcards

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1
Q

Male reproductive system features?

A
  • Corpus cavernosum
  • Corpus Spongiosum
  • Urethra
  • Glans penis
  • Scrotum containing testes
  • Seminal vesicle
  • Prostate gland
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2
Q

Process that allows the penis to get erect and function?

A
  • Sexual arousal
  • Veins drain blood from corpus cavonasa
  • Corpus spongiosum vasoconstricts
  • Causes tissue to engorge with blood
  • Causes erection.
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3
Q

Just the penis features.

A
  • Corpora cavermosa
  • Urethra
  • Corpus spongiosum
  • Glans of penis
  • Bulb of penis
  • Internal and external urethra sphincter.
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4
Q

Role of an erection?

A

Allows insertion into the vagina

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5
Q

What happens in the penis when you get an erection?

A
  1. Conversonal arteries dialate engorging corpole tissues with blood.
  2. Causes corporal tissue to swell, serecting the penis
  3. Engorging corporal tissue compresses penile veins and venules maintaining erection.
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6
Q

What are testes? And what makes them both exocrine and endocrine glands?

A

Male gonads

Excocrine - secretes sperm straight to target area.

Endocrine - Secretes testosterone into blood.

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7
Q

What do endocrine and exocrine mean?

A

Endocrine - directly into blood.

Exocrine - Directly to where it’s needed.

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8
Q

What does the epididymus transport?

A

Sperm created by lobules.

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9
Q

Where is sperm produced and stored?

A

Produced - Semiferous tubules

Stored - Epididymis prior to ejaculation.

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10
Q

Why do the testicles need to be kept cooler than core body temp?

A

For healthy sperm development.

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11
Q

Structure of testicles?

A
  • Convoluted and Straight semiferous tubules
  • Deferent duct
  • Efferent ductiles
  • Body and head of epidymus
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12
Q

Transport of sperm during ejaculation?

A
  • Sperm passes from semiferpus tubules to epidymis
  • During ejaculation sperm is propelled from epididymus through vas deferens (muscular duct)
  • Ejaculatory duct opens into the urethra
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13
Q

Components of ejaculate?

A

10% Sperm

60% Seminal fluid

30% Prostatic fluid

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14
Q

What does the prostate secrete?

A

Prostaglandin.

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15
Q

Whats a sperm?

A

Specialised cell for reproduction because of its organelles.

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16
Q

Features of a sperm?

A

Acrosome, Nucleus, Neck - Sperm head

Mitichondria, Middle piece, principal piece, end piece - Flagellum

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17
Q

What does pre-cum do?

A

neutralises urethra so sperm is healthy and doesnt mix with and die to urine ammonia.

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18
Q

Why does the sperm head have digestion enzymes?

A

For fusion with egg cell.

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19
Q

Female reproductive system external features?

A

Clitoris, Labia minora, Labia majora - These three components are the vulva.

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20
Q

Female reproductive system internal features?

A

Gonads (ovaries), Oviducts and Uterus, cervix and vagina

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21
Q

What is the vagina?

A

The opening.

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22
Q

How many eggs do the ovaries release every 28 days.

A

One.

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23
Q

Vulva?

A

Opening of vagina.

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24
Q

Labia Majora?

A

Fatty ridges that protect the vulva

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25
Q

Labia minora?

A

Vaginal opening and urethral opening within cavity bordered by 2 skin folds.

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26
Q

Clitoris?

A

Erectile tissie covered by a hood that supports rounded glands.

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27
Q

What can you call the uterine tube?

A

Felopian tube and vice versa.

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28
Q

Top of uterus called?

A

Fundus?

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29
Q

Features of Ovaries?

A

Female gonads

Flank the uterus

Held in place by ligaments

Packed with follicles

Each contains an oocyte and supporting cells

30
Q

What can you call oviducts? And what do oviducts do?

A

Fallopian tubes

Extend from uterus towards a funnel-like opening to each ovary.

31
Q

Why are oviducts ciliated?

A

During ovulation cilia on oviduct’s epithelial lining, draw fluid from the body cavity into the oviduct, helping collect the egg.

32
Q

What can you call the uterus?

A

Womb

33
Q

Structure of uterus?

A

(Larger and round) fundus - above

Body -Between fundus and cervix

Cervix - neck of uterus.

34
Q

Structure of uterine wall?

A
  • Perimetrium
  • Myometrium - Thick layer of smooth muscle
  • Endometrium - lamina propria (columnar epithelial lining and connective tissue)
  • Tubular glands throughout lamina propria that open through epithelium into uterine cavity.
35
Q

What is the uterus and what does it do?

A

7.5cm long, 5cm wide - Thick muscular organ expands during pregnancy to accomadate 4kg fetus.

36
Q

Process of what the cervical canal does?

A
  1. Columnar epihelial cells line cervical canal that contains cervical mucous glands.
  2. Mucous fills cervical canal and is barrier to substances thatcould pass from vagina to uterus.
  3. At near ovulation mucous consistency changes - makes passage of sperm from vagina to uterus easier.
37
Q

What is the menstrual cycle?

A

Cyclic changes occuring in ovary and uterus of sexually mature not pregnant females and culminates with the menses.

38
Q

What’s menstruation?

A

Discharge of blood and elements of mucous membrane.

39
Q

Hormones in menstrual cycle?

A

Gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH)

Luteinising hormone (LH)

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

Oestrogen

Progesterone

40
Q

For the Menstrual cycle what happens during puberty?

A
  1. GnRH, LH, FSH secreted in higher quantity than before puberty.
  2. Adult cyclic pattern of FSH and LH secretion occurs.
41
Q

What is the menstrual cycle characterised by?

A
  1. Cyclic secretion of LH, FSH
  2. Ovulation
  3. Monthly changes in oestrogen and progesterone secretion
  4. Resulting changes in uterus from this.
42
Q

Process of Ovarian cycle in Menstrual cycle?

A
  1. Follicular phase - Low oestrogen at end of mensers, FSH stimulates oestrogen production.
  2. Ovulation - LH triggers oestrogen to produce a mature egg.
  3. Luteal phase - Progesterone decreases until it reaches zero at menses.
43
Q

Uterine cycle phases?

A

Proliferative phase - influenced by oestrogen, thickness of endmetrium rapidly increases.

Secretory phase - Influenced by progesterone, lining becomes highly vascular and edomatous.

44
Q
A
45
Q

Order of hormone reactions?

A
  1. Hypothalamus - leuteinising hormone releasing hormone - anterior pituitary releases FSH and LH - LH - Ovary: corpusluteum - progesterone.
  2. Hypothalamus - leutinising hormone releasing hormone - anterior pituitary releases FSH and LH - FSH - Ovary: ovarian follicle - oestrogen.
46
Q

Whats the ovarian cycle?

A

Structure change in ovarian follicles correlate with change in endometrium of uterus during uterine cycle.

47
Q

How long does the mensis last?

A

4-5 days

48
Q

When does ovulation occur?

A

Day 14 of 28 day cycle nut can vary based on individual.

49
Q

What is the follicular/proliferative phase?

A

Time between day 1 of menses and the day of ovulation is called follicular phase due to rapid follicle development.

Also called proliferate phase due to rapid proliferation of the uterine mucosa.

50
Q

What is the luteal/secretory phase?

A

Period after ovulation is called luteal phase because of curpus luteum

Also called secretory phase due to maturation of and secretion by uterine glands.

51
Q

Basic definition of ovarian cycle?

A
  • Regular patterned events in the ovaries in sexually mature non-pregnant woman during menstrual cycle.
  • Events controlled by hypothalamus and anterior pituitary glands releasing hormones.
52
Q

What does Follicle stimulating hormone do to follicles?

A
  • Primarily responsible for intitating development of primary follicles
  • Responding follicles mature 2-3 cycles later.
  • Normally one follicle ovulated and others degenerate
  • More mature follicles secrete oestrogen and other stuff that inhibits less mature follicles.
53
Q

What’s reductive division?

A

Specialised meiosis that makes gametes via spermatogenesis and oogenesis.

54
Q

Features in spermatogenesis?

A
  • Formation of spermatozoa - sperm.
  • Made in highly coiled tubules called seminiferous tubules
  • Clusters of interstitial cells secrete testosterone.
  • sertoli cells crucial for controlling sperm production .
55
Q

Features of Oogenesis?

A
  • Formation of oocytes (eggs)
  • Folliculogenesis is the maturation of the ovarian follicle.
  • Only one ovum comes from one ooganium.
  • Female’s egg number determined for life.
  • 1 secondary ooctye eneters meiosis II, determined by ovarian cycle hormones.
56
Q

Basic defination of ovulation?

A

Release of ooctye from ovary.

57
Q

What happens to oocyte after ovulation?

A

Oocyte may be fertilised by sperm - will then complete meiosis to form 2 cells - each with 23 chromosomes.

58
Q

After being released from the ovary how long are oocytes viable?

A

12-14 hours.

59
Q

True or false? Sperm retain fertilisation power in female tract for 12-48 hours? Also if true what does this mean?

A

True (not suprising really)

Means intercourse must occur no more than 72 hours before ovulation and no later than 24 hours afterwards.

60
Q

Sperm need to be in a female reproductive tract to undergo ‘capacitation’.

A

Yeah.

61
Q

Features of a sperm that aids it’s function?

A
  • Head contains paternal DNA not yet condensed to chromosomes.
  • Acrosome has enzymes necessary for penetration of the egg.
  • Microtubules with flagellum moves tail to propel sperm forewards.
  • Midpiece has many mitochondria which produce ATP from microtubule movement.
62
Q

Basic fertilisation definition?

A

23 chromosomes from the male and female each join to form a zygote.

63
Q
A
64
Q

As the zygote passes through uterine tube to uterus what happens?

A

Series of cell divisions take place - called cleavage (special type of meiosis).

65
Q

Stages of cleavage?

A

2 cell stage, 20 hours

4 cell stage, 2 days

8 cell stage, 3 days

16 cell stage > 32 cell stage - Between these the manulla ball of cells undergoes compaction (4 days past ovultion).

Late manulla stage - ball of cells starts to hollow to form blastocyst.

Early blastocyte, trophoblast cells begin to form around perimeter and inner cell mass to one side (4 1/2 days).

Late blastocyst, 5 days after ovulation.

66
Q

After ovulation, how many days until uterus is prepared for implantation?

A

7 days.

67
Q

How does developing embryo burrow into uterus wall?

A

Outer layer of developing embryo (trophoblast) secretes proteolytic enzymes that digest the cells of thickened endometrium - developing embyro will burrow into wall of uterus.

68
Q

List of Hormonal changes during pregnancy?

(This ones a doozy)

A
  • Trophoblast secretes hCG - transported in blood o ovary and causes corpus luteum to remain functional.
  • Progesterone and oestrogen continue to increase.
  • Secretion of hCG increases rapidly and reaches a peak about 8-9 weeks after fertilisation.
  • hCG levels in circulation begin to diminish up to week 16 then remain at low levels for rest of pregnancy.
  • Oestrogen and progesterone secreted by corpus luteum are essential for maintainance of pregnancy.
  • The placenta develops from the trophoplast and uterine tissue and starts to secrete oestrogen and progesterone.
  • After first 3 months - corpus luteum no longer needed to maintain pregnancy - placenta has become an endocrine gland that secretes sufficient quantities of oestrogen and progesterone to maintain pregenancy.
  • Oestrogen an progesterone levels in the women’s blood increase throughout pregnancy.
69
Q

What does oxitocin induce?

A

Contracion of the uterus

70
Q

When do hcg levels go down?

A

HCG released in first stages of pregnancy but levels go down after a few weeks as its not needed.

71
Q

Stages of embryo?

A

Ectoderm

Mosoderm

Endoderm

72
Q

Stages of zygote during cleavage?

A

Zygote

2 cell stage

4 cell stage

8 cell stage

Morula stage

Blastocyst

Gastrula stafe

Neurula stage

Biology Sem 2 test 1 (7 decks)

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