Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ACVIM General Exam > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

What is the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis?

A
  1. Hypothalamus → GnRH
  2. GnRH → Anterior Pituitary → FSH or LH
    3a. FSH or LH → Ovary → Progestins, Estrogens
    3b. FSH or LH → Testes → Androgens
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone

  1. Where is it produced
  2. Where does it act? What does it cause?
  3. What is the negative feedback for this hormone?
A
  1. Hypothalamus
  2. Anterior pituitary → FSH and LH
  3. Negative feedback via steroid hormones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Follicle Stimulating Hormone

  1. Where is it produced?
  2. Where does it act? What does it do?
  3. What is the negative feedback for this hormone?
A
  1. Pituitary gland
    2a. Ovarian GRANULOSA CELLS → stimulate follicular development
    2b. Testicular SERTOLI CELLS → aid spermatogenesis
  2. Negative feedback via steroid hormones and inhibin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Luteinizing Hormone

  1. Where is it produced?
  2. Where does it act? What does it do?
  3. What is the negative feedback for this hormone?
A
  1. Pituitary Gland
  2. a. Acts on multiple ovarian cells → stimulate steroid hormone synthesis; OVARIAN GRANULOSA CELLS → stimulate ovulation
    2b. Testicular LEYDIG CELLS → stimulate steroid hormone synthesis
  3. Negative feedback via steroid hormones* and inhibin
    * However there is a time after a certain point of estrogen increase, that estrogen will create a positive feedback loop with LH
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the 3 broad roles of estrogen?

A
  1. Fertilization
  2. Pregnancy preparation and pregnancy
  3. Long term effects on physiology → female secondary sex characteristics
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How do estrogens influence fertilization?

A
  1. Increase estrous behavior in some species
  2. Increase uterine contractility
  3. Opens cervix to admit sperm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How do estrogens influence pregnancy preparation and pregnancy?

A
  1. Stimulates endometrial development
  2. Increases uterine progesterone receptors
  3. Increase GnRH → LH surged → ovulation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the 3 broad roles of progestins?

A
  1. Fertilization
  2. Preparation for pregnancy and pregnancy
  3. Lactation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the effect of progestins on fertilization?

A
  1. Decrease uterine contractility
  2. Closes cervix
  3. Decrease FSH secretion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the effect of progestins on preparation for pregnancy and pregnancy?

A
  1. Increase uterine musculature

2. Increase endometrial gland secretions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the effect of progestins on lactation?

A
  1. Stimulates development of mammary alveolar cells

2. Inhibits milk production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the 3 broad roles of androgens?

A
  1. Spermatogenesis
  2. Fertilization
  3. Long term effects on physiology
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the effects of androgens on spermatogenesis?

A
  1. Actions on SERTOLI cells
  2. Maintenance of efferent ductular system
  3. Maintenance of accessory sex glands
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the effects of androgens on fertilization?

A
  1. Promote sexual behavior
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the effects of androgens on long term effects of physiology

A
  1. Male secondary sex characteristics

2. Anabolic effect (promotes growth)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Prolactin

  1. Where is it produced?
  2. What does it do?
  3. What does it inhibit?
A
  1. Anterior pituitary
  2. Promotes lactation and maternal behavior
  3. Inhibits follicular development
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Oxytocin

  1. Where is it produced?
  2. What does it do?
A
  1. Produced in hypothalamus but released from pituitary

2. Involved in parturition

18
Q

Inhibin

  1. Where is it produced?
  2. What does it do?
A
  1. Produced by GRANULOSA and Sertoli cells
  2. Selectively inhibit FSH
    * DOES NOT INHIBIT LH*
19
Q

Prostaglandins

  1. Where is it produced?
  2. What does it do (in reproduction)?
A
  1. Produced in many tissues by arachidonic acid cascade

2. In reproduction, most often considered in the context of luteolysis

20
Q

What are the different components of the follicular phase of reproduction? What is the dominant hormone during this phase?

A

1a. Proestrus → early follicular development and gamete maturation
1b. Estrus → final follicular development and sexual receptivity
2. ESTROGEN is the dominant hormone

21
Q

Ovulation

  1. When does this phase occur?
  2. What is it triggered by?
  3. What happens?
A
  1. Occurs at the end of estrus (or shortly after estrus in some species)
  2. Triggered by the LH surge → which is in turn triggered by rising levels of estrogen inducing positive feedback of GnRH in the hypothalamus
  3. Ovum is released into oviduct to encounter sperm for fertilization
22
Q

What are the different components of the luteal phase? What is the dominant hormone during this phase?

A

1a. Metestrus → formation of the corpus luteum → transition from estrogen to progesterone dominance
1b. Diestrus → corpus luteum is functional → produces progesterone to prepare uterine environment to be favorable to pregnancy
1c. Luteolysis → destruction of the corpus luteum and termination of luteal progesterone secretion
2. PROGESTERONE is the dominant hormone

23
Q

How do cells appear on vaginal cytology around ovulation?

A
  1. Anucleate superficial epithelial cells → Cornified cells
24
Q

What % of cells should be cornified cells at ovulation?

25
Q

What is the MOA of finasteride?

A

Inhibits 5α reductase

*Blocks conversion of testosterone to DHT

26
Q

What is the top differential for an enlarged prostate in a castrated dog?

A
  1. Prostatic carcinoma
27
Q

Acute bacterial prostatitis and prostatic abscesses are significantly associated with what?

A
  1. BPH

2. Estrogen administration

28
Q

When should breeding be attempted based on vaginal cytology?

A

When >75% of epithelial cells are anuclear

29
Q

During which phase does a pyometra occur?

30
Q

What are differentials for vaginal discharge thought to be a pyometra?

A
  1. Lochia → should be green and non-odorous and present after whelping for up to 4 weeks
  2. SIPS → persistant serosanguinous discharge up to 6 weeks after whelping, will usually resolve on its own
  3. Metritis → ascending bacterial infection immediately after whelping
  4. Re-entering heat
31
Q

How is Brucella canis transmitted?

A
  1. Orally through bodily fluids
    * Large amount in vaginal fluid 4-6 weeks after abortion
    * Found in semen 2-3 months after infection
32
Q

What is the pathophysiology for Brucella canis infection?

A
  1. Penetrates mucus membranes → replicates in local LYMPH NODES
  2. BACTEREMIA within 7-30 days after exposure
  3. Transport to monocyte/macrophage, prostate, uterus, and placenta
33
Q

Why does Brucella canis survive within macrophages?

A
  1. Macrophages/monocytes inhibit the bactericidal myeloperoxidase-peroxide halide system by releasing 5-guanosine and adenine
34
Q

When does Brucella canis cause abortion?

A

75% of pregnancy loss is late in gestation (45-59 days)

35
Q

What are clinical signs associated with Brucella canis infection?

A
  1. Abortion
  2. Necrotizing vasculitis causing granulomatous lesions → causes epidydimal and testicular/prostatic pathology
  3. Chronic infections → uveitis, granulomatous splenitis, discospondylitis, dermatitis, meningoencephalitis
36
Q

What diagnostic tests are used for Brucella canis?

A
  1. Rapid slide agglutination test → initial test

2. 2-mercaptoethanol modified RSAT → confirmatory

37
Q

There are (many/few) false positive with Brucella canis testing?

38
Q

What other antibodies will Brucella canis cross-react with?

A
  1. Bordetella
  2. Pseudomonas
  3. Moraxella
  4. Brucella ovis
39
Q

What are the hormonal characteristic of anestrus?

A
  1. HIGH FSH

2. Very LOW progesterone

40
Q

What are the cytologic characteristics of estrus?

A
  1. > 90% of the cells are superficial and unclear squamous cells (or have pyknotic nuclei)
  2. NO WBC and occasional RBC

ACVIM General Exam (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions