Basic Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

How is ACh synthesized? Where is it stored?

A
  1. Acetyl CoA + Choline → choline acetyltransferase → ACh

2. Stored in the synaptic vesicles with ATP and proteoglycan

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2
Q

How is ACh degraded? What happens to the degradation products?

A
  1. ACh degraded to Acetyl CoA and choline by aceylcholinesterase
  2. Occurs at the muscle end plate
  3. 1/2 of the choline is taken back to the presynaptic cleft by Na-choline transport to make new ACh
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3
Q

Botulinum Toxin

A

Blocks ACh release from presynaptic terminals → total blockade

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4
Q

Curare

A

Competes with ACh for receptors on the motor end plate → decreased end plate potential

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5
Q

Neostigmine

A

Inhibits acetylcholinesterase → prolongs action of ACh at motor end plate

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6
Q

Hemicholinium

A

Blocks reuptake of choline into presynaptic terminal → depletes ACh stores

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7
Q

Excitatory neurotransmitters

A
  1. ACh
  2. Norepinephrine
  3. Epinephrine
  4. Dopamine
  5. Glutamate
  6. Serotonin
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8
Q

Inhibitory Neurotransmitters

A
  1. GABA
  2. Glycine
  3. Nitrous Oxide
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9
Q

Describe pathway for converting tyrosine into different neurotransmitters

A

Tyrosine → tyrosine hydroxylate → L-dopa → dopa decarboxylase → dopamine → dopamine β hydroxylase → norepinephrine → phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase → epinephrine

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10
Q

What does serotonin form from? Where is the highest concentration of serotonin?

A
  1. Tryptophan

2. Brainstem

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11
Q

What metabolizes norepinephrine and dopamine?

A
  1. Monoamine oxidase (MAO)
  2. Catechol-O-Methyltransferase (COMT)
    * VMA metabolite of NE is increased in urinary excretion with pheochromocytomas
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12
Q

What is the most prevalent excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain?

A

Glutamate

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13
Q

GABA synthesis and receptors

A
  1. Glutamate → glutamate decarboxylase → GABA
  2. GABA(a) → Increase Cl conductance
    - Benzodiazepines and barbiturates act here
    GABA(b) → Increase K conductance
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14
Q

Nitric oxide synthesis

A

Arginine → NO synthase → NO

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15
Q

What is a major difference in myosin regulation between skeletal and smooth muscle?

A

Smooth has no troponin → Ca regulates myosin on the thick filaments

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16
Q

Type 1 muscle fibers

A
  1. Red, slow twitch
  2. Small diameter
  3. More mitochondria
  4. More blood supply
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17
Q

Type 2 muscle fibers

A
  1. White, fast twitch
  2. Large diameter
  3. Extensive sarcoplasmic reticulum
  4. Lots of glycolytic enzymes
  5. Less extensive blood supply
  6. Fewer mitochondria
18
Q

What can occur with repeated thoracocentesis in chylothorax?

A
  1. Hyponatremia
  2. Hyperkalemia
    * Third space loses of Na → subsequent decrease ECV and GFR causes increase K
19
Q

What is the order of half-life duration of AST, ALP, and ALT?

  1. Dog
  2. Cat
A
  1. ALP>ALT»AST

2. ALP=ALT»AST

20
Q

Sensitivity and Specificity (High/Low): ALP

  1. Dog
  2. Cat
A
  1. High sens (86%) but low spec (49%) for liver diseaes

2. Less Sens but more spec for liver disease

21
Q

Reasons for increase:

  1. L-ALP
  2. B-ALP
  3. C-ALP
A
  1. Cholestasis, Hyperadrenocorticism, and drug induction (phenobarb and steroids - ~24-48 hours after exposure)
  2. Benign familial hyperphosphatemia in huskies and scotties results from increase B-ALP
  3. Steroids (10 days after exposure), Diabetes mellitus, primary liver disease, and HAC
22
Q

Anion Gap Equation

A

(Na + K) - (Cl + HCO3)

23
Q

Causes of increased calcium excretion

A
  1. Decrease PTH
  2. Increase ECV
  3. Increase BP
  4. Decrease P
  5. Metabolic alkalosis
    * Opposites for decrease Ca excretion
24
Q

Ions associated with vasodilation

A
  1. Increase Magnesium
  2. Increased H (acidemia)
  3. Acetate/Citrate
  4. CO2
    - Vasodilate in brain
    - Vasoconstrict periphery to increase flow to the brain
25
Ions involved in vasoconstriction
1. Increase Ca | 2. Decrease H (alkalemia)
26
Total body water breakdown
TBW (60% BW) 1. 2/3 Intracellular (40% BW) 2. 1/3 Extracellular (20% BW) a. 3/4 interstitial fluid (15% BW) b. 1/4 plasma (5% BW) Blood volume = 10% BW → can take 10% of blood volume safely (1%)
27
Transudate: 1. Sp. Gr. 2. Protein 3. Cells 4. Causes
1. <1.015 2. <2.5 3. 1500 4. Decrease osmotic pressure, early uroabdomen, Pre-sinusoidal or sinusoidal liver disease, right heart failure, liver failure
28
Exudate: 1. Sp. Gr. 2. Protein 3. Cells 4. Causes
1. >1.025 2. >3 3. >7000 4. Usually infections and inflammation of viscera
29
Chyle: 1. Sp. Gr. 2. Protein 3. Cells 4. Causes
1. >1.025 2. >2 3. 1000-7000 (small lymphocytes) 4. Trauma, neoplasia, infection, right heart failure
30
What are the inducible liver enzymes?
1. GGT | 2. ALP
31
ALP isotope concentrations in serum: 1. L-ALP 2. B-ALP 3. C-ALP
1. Majority % in dogs >1 year 2. 25% in dogs >1 year, 95% in dogs <1 year 3. 10-30%
32
What can cause transiently high ammonia?
1. Irish Wolfhounds 2. Cobalamin deficiency (dog) 3. Arginine deficiency (cat)
33
Function tests that would be indicative of liver disease/failure?
1. Decrease BUN 2. Hypocholesterolemia → may be increased in cholestatic disease 3. Hypoalbuminemia → when 70% of liver mass 4. Hyperammonia 5. Hypoglycemia → loss of 75% of hepatic mass 6. Increased t. bili
34
Diseases with normal anion gap
1. Diarrhea 2. Renal insufficiency 3. Renal tubular acidosis 4. High chloride containing fluids 5. Compensation for respiratory alkalosis
35
Complications of acidosis
1. Ventricular arrhythmias 2. Decrease cardiac contractility 3. Arterial vasodilation 4. Venous vasoconstriction 5. Insulin resistance
36
What is the status of Ca in the sarcoplasmic reticulum?
Bound to calsequestrin
37
Modified Transudate: 1. Sp. Gr. 2. Protein 3. Cells 4. Causes
1. 1.015-1.025 2. >2.5 3. 1000-7000 4. Post-sinusoidal portal hypertension, liver disease, HW/Caval syndrome, vascular permeability
38
Diseases with decreased anion gap
1. Ketoacidosis 2. Uremia (renal failure) 3. Lactic acidosis 4. Toxins (ethylene glycol)
39
Describe the differences between type A and type B hyperlactatemia
``` Type A → impaired tissue oxygenation - Hypoperfusion - Severe anemia - Excessive muscular activity - Seizures, trembling, exercise - Thromboembolic disease Type B → tissue oxygenation normal - Sepsis/SIRS - Neoplasia - Drugs - Severe Liver Failure ```
40
Main causes of hypokalemia in cats
1. Chronic renal disease | 2. Burmese kitten syndrome
41
How does insulin move K into cells?
Activates Na-K ATPase