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ACVIM General Exam > Nutrition/Metabolism > Flashcards

Nutrition/Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

What are the most toxic vitamins when given in excess?

A

Vitamins A & D

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2
Q

What happens to cats with vitamin A deficiencies?

A

Retinal degeneration/vision loss

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3
Q

What happens to cats with vitamin B1 deficiencies?

A

Neck ventroflexion, polyneuritis

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4
Q

Niacin is an (essential/non-essential) dietary nutrient for cats. Why?

A
  1. Essential

2. They are unable to use tryptophan as a precursor for niacin synthesis

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5
Q

What are the essential fatty acids?

A
  1. Linoleic (n-6)

2. Linolenic (n-3)

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6
Q

What is the preferred metabolic fuel for enterocytes?

A

Glutamine

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7
Q

What are the essential amino acids?

A

“PVT TIM T. HALL”

  1. Phenylalanine
  2. Valine
  3. Tryptophan
  4. Taurine (cats only)
  5. Isoleucine
  6. Methionine
  7. Threonine
  8. Histidine
  9. Arginine
  10. Leucine
  11. Lysine
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8
Q

Vitamin A activity is dependent on ____.

A

Zinc

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9
Q

What are the functions of Vitamin B1

A

Required for metabolism of carbohydrates and energy production
* Major cofactor for the TCA cycle and pentose phosphate pathway → major sources of energy for neurons

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10
Q

Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) is involved in the synthesis of ____ and _____.

A
  1. FAD

2. FMN

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11
Q

What kind of anemia can be seen with a Vitamin B12 deficiency?

A
  1. Pernicious anemia (macrocytic megaloblastic anemia)
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12
Q

What are important functions of folate?

A
  1. Essential for synthesis of purines and pyrimidines → therefore DNA synthesis
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13
Q

What kind of anemia can be seen with folate deficiency?

A

Macrocytic megaloblastic anemia

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14
Q

Why do vitamin B12 and folate deficiencies cause anemia?

A
  1. B12 is needed for the conversion of folate to tetrahydrofolate → a B12 deficiency can therefore mimic a folate deficiency
  2. Folate is needed to create purines and pyrimidines which are needed for DNA synthesis
  3. In a folate deficiency, impaired DNA synthesis in erythroblasts causes erythroblast apoptosis → also associated with ineffective erythropoiesis
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15
Q

Vitamin C is needed for the synthesis of what?

A
  1. Collagen
  2. Bile acids
  3. Catecholamines
  4. Carnitine
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16
Q

How is vitamin C involved in collagen synthesis?

A
  1. Essential for activating prolyl hydroxylase → promotes the formation of hydroxyproline → which is a key component of collagen
17
Q

Zinc is a cofactor for which enzymes?

A
  1. Carbonic anhydrase
  2. Collagenase
  3. 5α reductase
18
Q

Where is the main storage site for vitamin k?

A

The liver

19
Q

Which fat soluble vitamin has the shortest half life?

A

Vitamin K

20
Q

What is the primary action of vitamin K? How?

A
  1. Activate clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X

2. Facilitates carboxylation of glutamate residues by glutamate carboxylase

21
Q

What binds to copper after absorption into intestinal mucosal cells?

A

Metallothionen

22
Q

What is copper bound to for transport to the liver?

A

Albumin

23
Q

Copper is transported from the liver to other sites via what?

A

Ceruloplasmin

24
Q

What is the most important antioxidant in the body?

A

Vitamin E

25
Q

How is RER calculated?

A

70 x kg ^ 3/4

26
Q

What is the major antigen in IBD? (carb/protein/fat)

A

Protein

27
Q

How is glucose trapped in cells?

A

Conversion to glucose-6-phosphate
*Only the liver, renal, and interstitial epithelium have phosphatase which can remove the phosphate and liberate glucose from the cell

28
Q

When monglycerides and glycerol are absorbed into enterocytes, they are first reassembled into ______

A

Triglycerides

29
Q

Triglycerides are packed into _____ for transport through the lyme, eventually ending up in the venous circulation

A

Chylomicrons

*Chylomicrons are 82% TG, 9% phospholipid, 3% cholesterol, 1% apoprotein B

30
Q

Triglycerides are hydrolyzed by _____ on the capillary endothelium, releasing _____ and _____.

A
  1. Lipoprotein lipase
  2. FFA
  3. Glycerol
31
Q

When FFAs are released into the blood they are carried primarily on ______

A

Albumin

32
Q

How are FFA transported into the mitochondria?

A

Carnitine

ACVIM General Exam (15 decks)

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