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ESA3 revision decks > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

hypothalamus produces …… which stimulates the ………. to produce ….. and ……..

A

hypothalamus produces GnRH which stimulates the anterior pituitary to produce LH and FSH

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2
Q

LH stimulates

A

theca interna cells to…

  • increase uptake of LDL
  • increase production of androgens (which will be converted to oestrogen) and progesterone.

Androgens diffuse to the follicle cells which convert androgens to oestrogens. oestrogen acts on cells in the functionalis layer in the wall of the uterus.

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3
Q

FSH stimulates

A

Granulosa cells to produce oestrogen and inhibin

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4
Q

oestrogen can offer both

A

negative (low levels) or positive feedback to the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary (high levels near ovulation)

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5
Q

inhibin

A

inhibits the release of FSh from anterior pituitary

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6
Q

the corpus luteum produced

A

oestrogen, progesterone and inhibin

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7
Q

function of LH

A

surge in this hormone cuases oocyte release

(when oestrogen levels are at a the threshold feedback switches from negative to positive)

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8
Q

hCG

A

maintians the corpus luteum in pregnancy

  • produced by the placenta, until it is developed enough to take over production of oestrogen and progesterone
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9
Q

progesterone

A

exerts a negaitve feedback loop on the HPG axis in the presence of oestrogen

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10
Q

what is the effect of progesterone on the endometrium during the menstrual cycle

A

promotes thickenign and upkeep of the endometrium

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11
Q
A

endometriosis

  • where endometrial glandular tissue can eb found otuside the uterine cavity
  • e.g. ovary- chocolate cyst, rectovaginal pouhc/ pouch of douglas, pelvic peritoneum
  • mponthul pains: endometrial tissue still responds to the hormonal stimulation–> causes irritation to the peritoneum/ adhesions
  • pain whulsts defaecating- extra pressure onto the inflamed peritoneum
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12
Q
A
  • Ruptured ectopic pregnancy
    • IUD increased risk of ectopic pregnancy
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13
Q
A

B

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14
Q

what are some risk factors for prolapse of the eplvic viscera (e.g. bladder and vagina)

A
  • Pregnancy
  • Labour
  • Weak pelvic floor
  • Trauma
  • Surgery
  • Obesity
  • Family history
  • Chronic cough
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15
Q

main disadvantages of the combined oral contraceptive pill?

A
  • User dependent
  • Doesn’t protect against STIs
  • Interacts with other medication
  • Side effects
    • Menstrual irregularities, mood disturbances and breast tenderness
  • Increased CVD, stroke thromboembolism
  • Breast and cervical cancer
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16
Q

contraindication to starting COCP

A

migrains with aura

breast cancer (and history of) also implicated

17
Q
A
  • D
  • C
18
Q

what ends the latent phase of the 1st stage of labour

A

4cm cervical dilatation

19
Q

what ends the first stage of labour

A

10cm cervical dilatation

20
Q

what ends the 2nd stage of labour

A

fetus delivery

21
Q

what ends the 3rd stage of labour

A

delivery of placenta

22
Q

3 Ps of labour

A

3 Ps of labour

  • Power
    • Muscle tone
    • Tiredness
    • Nerve lesion
  • Passage
    • Inadequate softening of cervix
    • Bony pelvis (inadequate shape)
  • Passenger
    • Lie of the baby
    • presentation
    • Size
23
Q

causes of postpartum haemorrhage

A
  • Tone- uterine atony
  • Tissue- retained placenta
  • Trauma- Aneurysm/ lacerations
  • Thrombin- blood clotting disorder
24
Q

managemet of postpartum haemorrhage

A

May give oxytocin (contraction of uterus, compresses the vessels), give prostaglandins, hysterectomy

25
Q

how does the maternal body primairly provide adequate calcium to the growing fetus

A
  • increased synthesis of 1,24 vitamin D3
26
Q
A
  • B
    • Progesterone causes vasodilation
      • Decreased TPR
27
Q

common cause of bleeding in pregnancy pre 24 weeks

A
  • miscarriage
  • ectopic pregnancy
  • gestational trophblastic disease (high HcG)
  • gynae pathology e.g. chlamydia, cevrical cancer, polyps
28
Q

common causes of bleeding in pregnancy post 24 weeks

A
  • 97% unexplained- usually minor placental bleeds
  • placenta praevia
  • placenta abruption
29
Q

Placental abruption

A

is when the placenta separates early from the uterus

causes: smoking, pre-eclampsia

30
Q

Placenta accreta

A

is a serious pregnancy condition that occurs when the placenta grows too deeply into the uterine wall

  • chorionic vill attach to the uterus myometrium
31
Q

Placenta percreta

A

is a condition where placenta attaches itself and grows through the uterus and potentially to the nearby organs (such as the bladder).

32
Q

placenta increta

A

Placenta increta is a condition where the placenta attaches more firmly to the uterus and becomes embedded in the organ’s muscle wall

33
Q
A

D

ESA3 revision decks (12 decks)

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