Reproduction Flashcards
hypothalamus produces …… which stimulates the ………. to produce ….. and ……..
hypothalamus produces GnRH which stimulates the anterior pituitary to produce LH and FSH
LH stimulates
theca interna cells to…
- increase uptake of LDL
- increase production of androgens (which will be converted to oestrogen) and progesterone.
Androgens diffuse to the follicle cells which convert androgens to oestrogens. oestrogen acts on cells in the functionalis layer in the wall of the uterus.
FSH stimulates
Granulosa cells to produce oestrogen and inhibin
oestrogen can offer both
negative (low levels) or positive feedback to the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary (high levels near ovulation)
inhibin
inhibits the release of FSh from anterior pituitary
the corpus luteum produced
oestrogen, progesterone and inhibin
function of LH
surge in this hormone cuases oocyte release
(when oestrogen levels are at a the threshold feedback switches from negative to positive)
hCG
maintians the corpus luteum in pregnancy
- produced by the placenta, until it is developed enough to take over production of oestrogen and progesterone
progesterone
exerts a negaitve feedback loop on the HPG axis in the presence of oestrogen
what is the effect of progesterone on the endometrium during the menstrual cycle
promotes thickenign and upkeep of the endometrium
endometriosis
- where endometrial glandular tissue can eb found otuside the uterine cavity
- e.g. ovary- chocolate cyst, rectovaginal pouhc/ pouch of douglas, pelvic peritoneum
- mponthul pains: endometrial tissue still responds to the hormonal stimulation–> causes irritation to the peritoneum/ adhesions
- pain whulsts defaecating- extra pressure onto the inflamed peritoneum
- Ruptured ectopic pregnancy
- IUD increased risk of ectopic pregnancy
B
what are some risk factors for prolapse of the eplvic viscera (e.g. bladder and vagina)
- Pregnancy
- Labour
- Weak pelvic floor
- Trauma
- Surgery
- Obesity
- Family history
- Chronic cough
main disadvantages of the combined oral contraceptive pill?
- User dependent
- Doesn’t protect against STIs
- Interacts with other medication
- Side effects
- Menstrual irregularities, mood disturbances and breast tenderness
- Increased CVD, stroke thromboembolism
- Breast and cervical cancer
contraindication to starting COCP
migrains with aura
breast cancer (and history of) also implicated
- D
- C
what ends the latent phase of the 1st stage of labour
4cm cervical dilatation
what ends the first stage of labour
10cm cervical dilatation
what ends the 2nd stage of labour
fetus delivery
what ends the 3rd stage of labour
delivery of placenta
3 Ps of labour
3 Ps of labour
- Power
- Muscle tone
- Tiredness
- Nerve lesion
- Passage
- Inadequate softening of cervix
- Bony pelvis (inadequate shape)
- Passenger
- Lie of the baby
- presentation
- Size
causes of postpartum haemorrhage
- Tone- uterine atony
- Tissue- retained placenta
- Trauma- Aneurysm/ lacerations
- Thrombin- blood clotting disorder
managemet of postpartum haemorrhage
May give oxytocin (contraction of uterus, compresses the vessels), give prostaglandins, hysterectomy
how does the maternal body primairly provide adequate calcium to the growing fetus
- increased synthesis of 1,24 vitamin D3
- B
- Progesterone causes vasodilation
- Decreased TPR
- Progesterone causes vasodilation
common cause of bleeding in pregnancy pre 24 weeks
- miscarriage
- ectopic pregnancy
- gestational trophblastic disease (high HcG)
- gynae pathology e.g. chlamydia, cevrical cancer, polyps
common causes of bleeding in pregnancy post 24 weeks
- 97% unexplained- usually minor placental bleeds
- placenta praevia
- placenta abruption
Placental abruption
is when the placenta separates early from the uterus
causes: smoking, pre-eclampsia
Placenta accreta
is a serious pregnancy condition that occurs when the placenta grows too deeply into the uterine wall
- chorionic vill attach to the uterus myometrium
Placenta percreta
is a condition where placenta attaches itself and grows through the uterus and potentially to the nearby organs (such as the bladder).
placenta increta
Placenta increta is a condition where the placenta attaches more firmly to the uterus and becomes embedded in the organ’s muscle wall
D
