GI Flashcards
Stomach acid is involved in…
- Breaking fat into smaller units
- Activating protease enzymes
- Denaturing proteins
- Promoting epithelial cell turnover
- Sterilising luminal contents
Breaking fat into smaller units
Activating protease enzymes
Denaturing proteins
Promoting epithelial cell turnover
Sterilising luminal contents
stomach acid and enzyme activation
HCL converts pepsinogen
HCL and proteins
denatures to give a greater surface are for digestion
Which of these viscera are fully retroperitoneal structures?
Transverse colon
Ascending colon
Duodenum
Kidneys
Stomach
Transverse colon
Ascending colon
Duodenum
Kidneys
Stomach
retroperitoneal structures
- The ascending and descending colon are both retroperitoneal
- The first part of the duodenum is intraperitoneal but the 2nd , 3rd and 4th parts are retroperitoneal
- The kidneys are retroperitoneal
- The stomach is intraperitoneal (connected to the liver and spleen via peritoneal ligaments)
During embryological development, which of these structures develops within the dorsal mesentery?
Left kidney
Greater omentum
Spleen
Liver
Stomach
Left kidney
Greater omentum
Spleen
Liver
Stomach
which organ develops in the ventral mesentry
liver
Which of the following are true concerning an Omphalocoele?
- Not associated with other developmental defects
- Herniated contents covered in peritoneal layer
- Herniation occurs through Para-umbilical defect in anterior abdominal wall
- Herniation occurs through umbilical ring
- Herniated bowel is often significantly under-developed
- Not associated with other developmental defects
- Herniated contents covered in peritoneal layer
- Herniation occurs through Para-umbilical defect in anterior abdominal wall
- Herniation occurs through umbilical ring
- Herniated bowel is often significantly under-developed
compare omphalocele to gastroschisis
- Omphalocoele is often associated with other congenital problems and as a result has a high mortality rate
- The problem is not with the initial herniation (which is physiological) but due to the fact the contents do not return to the abdomen. Contents are contained within the umbilical cord
- Gastroschisis herniated through paraumbilical defect
- As the herniated contents including bowel are covered in peritoneum, they are not exposed to amniotic fluid so develop relatively normally.
Which region in the stomach has the greatest concentration of G cells?
- The greatest concentration of G cells is the Pyloric region
- The greatest concentration of the Parietal cells is in the body of the stomach
What is the function of bile salts?
Form micelles
Emulsify fat
how are micelles formed
Micelles form when bile salts combine with the products of fat digestion (eg fatty acids and monoglycerides). The amphipathic nature of bile salts mean that they can surround fat digestion products in a hydrophilic shell to transport them through the aqueous environment of the gut lumen.
Which of the following blood results would you expect with a gallstone stuck in this location?
- Elevated AST
- Elevated Amylase
- Elevated ALP
- Elevated Bilirubin
- Elevated Albumin
- Elevated ALP
- Elevated Bilirubin
What other features would corelate with an inflammatory bowel disease with this pattern of inflammation?
Presence of granulomas
Inflammation restricted to mucosa
Presence of fistulae
Perianal disease
Continuous pattern of inflammation
This pattern of inflammatory bowel disease would indicate Crohn’s disease
- Granulomas, if present, strongly corelate with Crohn’s
- In Crohn’s, the inflammation is transmural (UC is restricted to mucosa)= Fistulas can therefore occur
- Perianal disease (skin tags, fistulae, abscesses, scarring or sinuses) are present in 20-3-% of patients with Crohn’s disease
- UC has a continuous pattern of inflammation while Crohn’s has skip lesions (patchy inflammation).
On this CT scan, indicate the location of the pancreas
It lies behind the stomach
In the curve of the duodenum
Its tail reaches towards the spleen
