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Vet635 Pig and Poultry Health Management > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

Study for the Repro Exam

1
Q

What DDX’s would have you have mummifications?

A
  • Porcine Parvovirus
  • Porcine Myocarditis Syndrome (PMC)
  • Aujeszky’s Disease (Pseudorabies)
  • JEV
  • PRRS
  • Porcine Sapelovirus
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2
Q

How do you work out how old the piglet was when it died ? (calculation)

A

Age in days = (Crown rump lenght in mm/3) + 21

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3
Q

What is strange about Parvovirus infections of foetuses?

A

It does not infect piglets next to them in the uterus, it is completely random.

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4
Q

To enduce Farrowing (After day 113) how much Juramate would you use?

A
  • Juramate 0.7ml
  • Half dose 6hrs apart, farrow next day
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5
Q

What is the difference between Traditional AI and Post Cervical AI?

A
  • Traditional Ai
    • Catheter with attached semen bag is inserted into the cervix
    • Sow NEEDS head to head contact with boar to enable uterine contractions (she sucks in the semen)
  • Post Cervical AI
    • Catheter has inner tube which you extend past the cervix 1-2mins after insertion of the catheter
    • Sow needs to be relaxed and NOT stiumlated by boar
    • Boar runs though in morning to detect head. Sows are then alloed to eat and settle. Catheter goes into the uterus or even into a horn
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6
Q

To enduce Farrowing (After day 113) how much Lutalise would you use?

A
  • Lutalise 2ml
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7
Q

Brucellosis

What is the route of infection

What is the Pathogenesis

What would be seen on PM

A
  • Route of Infection
    • Feral Pigs - Main reservoir host
    • Veneral disease (consumption of infected abortion and discharges)
    • Shed in vaginal discharge for 30days-30months
    • Suckers infected via milk (granulomas in glands)
  • Pathogenesis
    • Bacteraemia up to 90 days
    • Severe placental infection, embryonic dead and abortion
  • PM Findings
    • Purulent, necrotizing placentitis
    • Granulomatous lesions in liver
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8
Q

Porcine Reproductive & Respiratory Syndrome (Exotic to Australia)

How do you Diagnose PRRS?

A
  • Diagnose PRRS
    • Clinical Signs
    • Antibody Tests
      • Can take 2-3weeks for the antibody level to rise enough for a postive result and can disappear 6months after exposure
    • Lung tissue histology and special stainin techniques (immunoperoxidase) to show organism in lung
    • PCR examination of tissues, in particular used for semen examination
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9
Q

What is the number of Sperm cells in Billions required for

Mating with a Boar

Traditional AI

Post Cervical AI

A
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10
Q

What does Ad Libitum feeding mean?

When feeding Ad Lib how many feeders do you need?

A
  • Feed is available ALL THE TIME
  • At least 1 feeder per 10 pigs
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11
Q

What disease can cause Stillborns in pigs?

A
  • Leptospirosis
  • Porcine Myocarditis Syndrome (PMC)
  • JEV
  • PRRS
  • Porcine Sapelovirus
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12
Q

How many embryos is required for a pig pregnancy?

A

Need a minimum of 5 embryos

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13
Q

Wean to 1st service interval taget days?

A

4days

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14
Q

How do you know if a Boar has ejaculated?

A

Look at the anus for ejaculation winking, which must last 3 mins or more

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15
Q

What does this US tell you?

When would you use US?

A
  • US shows foetal vesicles - this sow is pregnant
  • Use US to tell pregnancy after 28days
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16
Q

What is the most common Serovar for Leptospirosis in pigs?

A

Pomona

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17
Q

What does SMEDI stand for?

A

Still Birth

Mummification

Embryonic Death

Infertility

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18
Q

What is the Regular return to Service (RTS) interval?

A

3weeks (18-24days)

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19
Q

At what age (days) of gestation do unborn piglets gain immuno-compentency?

A

Immuno-competency = Day 70 of Gestation

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20
Q

What is the most common reproduction disease for pigs?

A

Porcine Parvovirus PPV

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21
Q

Name these parts of the female reproductive tract

A
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22
Q

How do you diagnose Brucellosis?

A
  • Dirtect Culture of
    • Lymph nodes
    • Vaginal swabs
    • Aborted piglets/placenta
    • Semen samples
    • Castrated testicles
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23
Q

When accessing a pigs envrionment what 4 things do we look at?

A
  • Food
  • Floor
  • Air
  • Water
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24
Q

What is the Treatment and control of Brucellosis?

A
  • No Commercial vaccines
  • Transient immunity (6-12 months)
  • Use of SPF herd semen
  • Eradication - Large scale programs on national level (US, Australia - B.abortus)
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25
Q

What are some reproductive drugs used in the pig industry

A
  • Oral Progesterone - Regumate
  • PMSG/hSG - PG600 (mimic FSH and LH)
  • Prostaglandins - Lutalyse, Juramate, Estrumate
    • Abortion or Enduce to farrow
  • Oxytocin 0.5ml
    • After they Farrow
    • If sow hasnt had a piglet for over 30 mins
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26
Q

What is the target guild farrowing rate?

A

86%

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27
Q

Leptospirosis

  • What are the clinical signs of Lepto in pigs?
  • How do you Diagnose Lepto?
  • What Treatment and Control is there?
A
  • Clinical signs
    • Abortions, stillbirths (1-4weeks after exposure)
    • Birth of Weak piglets
    • Some stillborn piglets infected later in gestation will have detectable antibiodies titres
    • Vast majority are subclinical infections
    • Incubation period - Bacteraemia starts 1-2days post infection (lasts 1week) Antibodies appear in circulation after 5-10days (peak @ 3weeks)
  • Route of Infection
    • Introduced Stock, Contaminated environment or infected animal vectors (rodents)
    • Exposure to infected animal, contaminated effluent, water, soil
    • Enter through the Mucous Membranes.
    • Voided in urine
  • Diagnosis
    • Antibodis - Sample 10% of herd OR rising antibody titres for individuals, fetal serum
    • Leptospires - in fetal tissues, culture difficult, PCR can be attempted
  • Treatment and Control
    • Treat affected Herd with OXYTETRACYCLINE in feed.
    • Vaccination prevents clinical disease but not necessarily infection
    • Vaccine Twice Yearly
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28
Q

Post weaning mortality (deaths from weaning to finisher phase) target is?

A

5%

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29
Q

What happens if Signal One (Day 10) does not happen?

A

Not Pregnant

RTS 18-24days

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30
Q

Where would you inject a IM injection?

A

In the middle of the triangle behind the ear

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31
Q

When is and what is SIGNAL ONE?

A
  • The free living embryo at about day 10 releases Oestrogen Suphate
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32
Q

What happens if the Foetus dies after day 35?

A

If embryos are present after day 35 at least one piglet survives the pregnancy will continue. ANy piglets which die will be expelled as mummified foetuses

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33
Q

What Health impacts could there be if you have an out of feed event?

A
  • Risk of stomach ulcers
  • Haemorrhagic bowel syndrome (HBS) - distended bloated gut without torsion
  • Tail biting
  • Salmonella
  • Ileitis
  • Fat deposition
34
Q

When should fertalization occur?

A

Within 6 hours of ovulation

35
Q

When does the Embryo implant into the uterus? And what happens then?

A
  • Day 14-17
  • SIGNAL TWO - implanted embryo’s release Oestrogen Sulpate
36
Q

What is the causative agent for Brucellosis?

What is important to know about Brucellosis in Australia?

A

Brucellosis suis

Brucellosis is Zoonotic

Brucellosis is notifable in WA

37
Q

What water flow rate do you need for :-

  • Weaners
  • Growers
  • Lactating Sows
A
  • Weaners - 0.5L/min
  • Growers - 1L/min
  • Lactating Sows 2L/min
38
Q

Where is Porcine Reproductive & Respiratory Syndrome (Exotic to Australia)

What are the Clinical Signs in Endemic herds?

A
  • Two types through out the world, Not in Australia or South Africa
  • Clinical Signs
    • Breeders
      • Generally reproductive
        • Stillborn
        • Mummies
        • Weak
      • Mild Pyrexia
      • Anorexia
    • Piglets
      • Weak/sickly
      • Hight mortality
      • CNS
      • Thumping
    • Weaner/Growers
      • Dyspnoea
      • Anorexia
      • Lethargy
      • Reduced growth rates (2ndry respiratory infections are common)
      • Conjunctivitis
  • Signs in Endemic Herds
    • Homologous immunity
    • Clinical disease in susceptible subpopulations
      • Nursery-grower pigs, maternal immunity decays
      • Replacement gilts or sows previously not infected
      • Congenitally infected progeny
    • Entry of a new, unrelated PRRS virus
39
Q

To enduce Farrowing (After day 113) how much Estrumate would you use?

A
  • Estrumate 0.7ml
40
Q

Of the following Disorders of the Reproductive System which are present in Australia?

  • Porcine Parvovirus PPV
  • Leptospirosis
  • Brucellosis
  • PCV2
  • Porcine Myocarditis Syndrome (PMC)
  • Aujeszky’s Disease/Pseudorabies
  • Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV)
  • Porcine Reproductive & Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS)
A
  • Porcine Parvovirus PPV
  • Leptospirosis
  • Brucellosis (Notifable in WA)
  • PCV2
  • Porcine Myocarditis Syndrome (PMC) - Notifiable in WA
  • Aujeszky’s Disease/Pseudorabies (EAD)
  • Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV) (EAD)
  • Porcine Reproductive & Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) (EAD)
41
Q

What are the pathogens that have potential to cause scours in pre-weaned piglets

A
  • E. coli
  • C. perfringens
  • C. difficile
  • Rotavirus
  • Coccidia
42
Q

At what age is castration done?

A

7-10 days

43
Q

Aujeszky’s Disease/Pseudorabies

What is the Clinical Signs?

Incubation Period

Route of Infection

Diagnosis

Treatment and Control

A
  • Clinical Signs?
    • Piglets and Weaners
      • CNS signs (Ataxia, Convulsions)
      • Sudden Death
    • Weaners and Growers
      • Ill thrift
      • Secondary infections and respiratory signs
      • Reduced Growth
    • Adults
      • Reproductive signs predominate
        • Abortions, Mummification
        • Infected in early pregnancy will result in embryonic death
        • Infected in close to term give birth to stillborn or weak piglets
  • Incubation Period
    • 2-6days
  • Route of infection
    • Oralnasal Exposure
  • Diagnosis
    • Clinical Signs across the herd in different stages
    • Dead Dogs & Cats
  • Treatment and Control
    • Vaccine Available
44
Q

What ratio of irregular RTS : Regular RTS do you want

A

1:4

45
Q

Porcine Reproductive & Respiratory Syndrome (Exotic to Australia)

What are the Clinical Signs in Naive herds?

A
  • Clinical Signs
    • Breeders
      • Generally reproductive
        • Stillborn
        • Mummies
        • Weak
        • Mild Pyrexia
        • Anorexia
    • Piglets
      • Weak/sickly
      • High mortality
      • CNS
      • Thumping
    • Weaner/Growers
      • Dyspnoea
      • Anorexia
      • Lethargy
      • Reduced growth rates (2ndry respiratory infections are common)
      • Conjunctivitis
    • Signs in Naive Herds
      • Phase 1 (lasts 2+ weeks)
        • 5-75% PIGS VIRAEMIC WITH LETHARGY/ANOREXIA
        • Spreads within 3-7 days to all groups/ages - rolling inappetence
        • Pyrexia (39-41oC)
        • Hyperpnoea/Dyspnoea
        • 1-2% develop blotchy cutaneous hyperaemia/Cyanosis of ears/nose
        • Increase in RTS
        • Abortions
        • Decreased farrowing rate
        • Sow Mortalities
        • Boars lack libido
        • Reduction in semen quality 2-10 weeks after infection, virus transmitten in semen
      • Phase 2 (Lasts 1-4months)
        • 5-80% sows farrow 100-118 days with combinations of normal, weak, premature, dead, stillborn and mummified pigs
        • Pre-weaning mortality upto 60%
        • Premature piglets die within a couple of days and majority of piglet deaths <7 days but if continue
          • Emaciation/starvation
          • Dysponea, Hyperpnoea
          • Splay Legs
          • Swollen Eyelids
          • Secondary Infections
46
Q

how long does a pig need to be fasted before a General Anaesthetic?

A

6-8hours, do not remove access form water

47
Q

Why would you Vasectomise a Boar?

A
  • Indications
    • Vasectomised boars (V boars) are used for stimulating gilts - stilll have male characteristics cant impregnante the female.
48
Q

How can you preg check a sow/guilt?

A
  • Anytime heat detection in the presence of the boar
  • 18-24days heat detection with boar (Regular RTS)
  • 21days + Ultrasound real time scanner
  • 25-35 days heat detection with boar (irregular RTS)
  • 28 days doppler machine for uterine pulse
  • 8weeks by eye
49
Q

When does the Progesterone switch from comming from the CL to coming from the piglets?

A

Day 63+ the piglets will produce the progesteron

50
Q

When castrating male pigs at what age do they need anaesthesia?

A

Anaesthesia is required from 21days +

51
Q

What drugs would be used to enduce Farrowing?

A
  • PG
    • Lutalise 2ml
    • Juramate 0.7ml
    • Estrumate 0.7ml
  • Best results halve the dose adn administer 6 horus apart. Farrow the next day
  • Do not induce too early (Not before day 113)
52
Q

WHat reproductive surgeries could you do on a female pig?

A
  • Caesarian Section
  • Hysterectomy
  • Ovariohysterectomy
  • Embryo Transfer
53
Q

Aujeszky’s Disease/Pseudorabies

What is important to note about Aujeszky’s Disease?

What characteristics does this disease have?

A
  • Exotic to Australia
  • Herpes Virus
54
Q

Nipah Virus

Causal Agent?

What are the Clinical Signs?

How do you Diagnose?

What Treatment is available?

A
  • Causal Agent
    • Paramyxovirus related to Henra Virus
  • Clinical Signs
    • Weaners
      • Mild to sever coughing,
      • High morbidity
      • Low Mortality
    • ​Adult Pigs
      • Moderate to severe respiratory signs
      • Dyspnoea
      • Convulsions
      • Death (can occur within several hours)
  • Diagnose
    • Consolidation of the pungs at PM
    • Kidneys show signs of congestion
    • Other organs normal
    • Virus Isolation
    • Serology
  • Treatment
    • None Available
55
Q

Lable this diagram

A
56
Q

What treatment options are there for PRRS?

A
  • Treatments aim to minismise secondary infections
  • Aim to keep pigs warm and in draught free environment
  • Increase feed density to compensate for anorexia
  • No Vaccinations available in Australia
  • Reportable Disease - Eradication
  • Testing of sourse herds
  • Quarantine (minimum 30 days) & testing prior to release
  • Good Farm Biosecurity
  • Positive Herds need a combination of gilt/boar acclimatization and vaccination
  • Antibiotics are only supportive in the face of an outbreak
  • All in/ all out and hygiene essential precursors
  • Killed Vaccine
    • Generally no or little protection in naive animals
    • Reduce excreation of virus and reduce clinical signs in infected herds
  • Modified Live Vaccine (MLV)
    • Very variable in response depending on mnodification and PRRS variant
    • Several can cause sever CS’s without field virus. In addition, there can be little protectin provided for differenet virus strains
    • Allowing sufficient time between vaccination and field infection is essential
  • Review fly and mosquito conrol programs
  • Practice on farm AI collection do not rely on commercial ai stud
  • Air Filtration
57
Q

When does the skeleton for in a pig foetus?

A

Day 35

58
Q

Porcine Myocarditis Syndrome (PMC)

Causal Agent?

Clinical Signs?

Diagnosis?

Treatment and Control?

A
  • Causal Agent
    • Bungowannah virus - Pestivirus
  • Clinical Signs
    • Stillbirths
    • Mummies
    • Pre-weaning losses (multifocal non-suppurative myocarditis)
    • Large piglets, brain damage
      • No suckle reflex
      • No teat seaking
      • No avoidance behaviours
    • Post-Weaning losses from heart attacks
  • Diagnosis
    • PCR
    • Histopath
    • Serology
  • Treatment and Control
    • Exposure of gilts prior to mating
59
Q

What does Regumate do?

A

It is a exogenous Progesterone - which stops folliculs From progressing.

60
Q

What DDX would have have for Abortions

A
  • Leptospirosis
  • Brucellosis
  • Aujezsky Disease - Pseudorabies
  • JEV
61
Q

Where are the locations for IV medications?

A

Ear vein, Right Jugular Vein

62
Q

Porcine Parvovirus (PPV)

  • What are the clinical signs of PPV?
  • How do you Diagnose PPV?
  • What Treatment and Control is there?
A
  • Clinical Signs
    • Mummified foetuses of different ages
    • Seldom causes abortino (unless unprotected herd)
    • Increased RTS
    • Small BAL
    • May be seen affecting gilts more than sows
    • Takes 10-14days from exposure to infect a foetus/embryo
  • Diagnosis
    • Clinical Signs
    • reproductive disorder without sow illness
    • Small mummified foetuses - lungs for immunohistochem
  • Treatment and Control
    • Vaccine - Parvac
      • At selection (twice) and propr to mating
      • Boars twice yearly
63
Q

Lable this diagram

A
64
Q

What are the clinical signs for Brucellosis?

A
  • Abortion - any stage of gestation, upto 80% in naive herds RTS
  • Orchitis - not necessarily a reduction of fertality
    • Persistant infection in boars (granulomas)
  • No Pyrexia, clinical signs transient
  • Death Rare
  • Bacteraemia for 5 weeks
  • Many pigs can remain permanently infected
  • Weak or normal born piglets
  • Lameness
  • Spondylitis
  • Posterior paralysis
65
Q

At what temperature do you store extended pig semen?

A

16-18oC

66
Q

What should the Ammonia concetration be in a shed?

A

<11ppm

67
Q

Lable this diagram

A
68
Q

At waht stage do piglets get weaned?

A
  1. 0 kg (21days)
  2. 5 kg (28days)
69
Q

What volume of fluid in mL is required for

  • Mating with a boar
  • Traditional AI
  • Post Cervical AI
A
70
Q

What does PG600 contain?

What does it do?

A
  • PG600 contains PMSG (pregnant mare serum gonodotrophin) and hCG (Human Choronic Gonadotrophin)
  • It acts like FSH and LH and is used on Gilts to enduce oestrus, or in sows who have a delayed RTS
71
Q

Lable the picture

A
72
Q

Japenese Encephalitis Virus (JEV) - Exotic to Australia

Clinical Signs

Diagnosis

Control

A
  • Clinical Signs
    • Clinical illnes not a feature of diease in adult pigs (maybe transient anorexia and mild pyrexia)
    • Stillbirths,
    • Mummies,
    • Abortion
    • Weak neurological piglets
    • Subcutaneous oedema
    • Hydrocephalus
    • Cerebellar hypoplasia
    • Generally limited signs in piglets affected <70days gestation (similar to Parvovirus
    • Orchitis (oedematous, congested) in boars
  • Diagnosis
    • Virus isolation
    • Flourescent abtibody test
    • Immunohistochem
    • PCR
  • Control
    • Vaccination available overseas
73
Q

How many days for pig gestation?

A

115days

74
Q

What happens if Signal One (Day 10) happens but Signal Two (Day 14-17) does not happen?

A

Sow RTS 25-35 days (irregular RTS)

75
Q

Porcine Parvo Virus kills unborn piglets in seronegative dams exposed at <56 days of gestation.

The piglets dont become immuno-competent until gestation day 70,

why if the Sow was exposed at day 65 wouldnt the piglets die?

A

In a naive animal it takes 10-14 days from exposure to infect a foetus/embryo

76
Q

When assising Air what should the Ambient Air Temperature be

  • Pre-Farrowing
  • At Farrowing
  • 2 days after Farrowing

When do cooling systems need to be used?

What temp should the air be for sleeping piglets?

What should the relative humidity be?

A
  • Pre-Farrowing - 16degrees
  • At Farrowing - 20 degrees
  • 2 days after Farrowing - 16 degrees
  • above 24degrees
  • 30degrees
  • 50-75% humidity
77
Q

What are some pointers to look for for successful heat detection of a pig

A
  • Vulva Reddens and Sweels, then starts to subside from around the time of ovulation
  • From Oestrus sows will stand still, and their ears will become pricked, they may even go off their feed.
  • They will stand for approximately 1 day to pack pressure
  • Inseminate between 12-36hors after ovulation
78
Q

What happens at Day 35 Gestation?

A

Bone is formed in the foetus

79
Q

How many days is a Pigs cycle?

A

21 days

80
Q

Light is measured in Lux at what level should it be in the shed?

A

>50 lux

81
Q

Name the catheter types used in Pig AI

A

Vet635 Pig and Poultry Health Management (5 decks)

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