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Vet635 Pig and Poultry Health Management > Hannah's Cards > Flashcards

Hannah's Cards Flashcards

1
Q

What parity sows are the best reproductive performers?

A

Parity 3-6

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2
Q

What is the ideal parity distribution?

What should the proportion (%) of parity 3-6 sows be in the herd?

A

Most at parity 1, then decreasing to >7.

50% parity 3-6.

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3
Q

At what parity do sows become profitable?

A

Parity 4

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4
Q

What are the six golden rules for managing gilts?

A
  1. Daily boar contact from 175-196 days of age (25-28 weeks of age) to bring on first heat quicker
  2. SKIP FIRST HEAT
  3. Age at first mating = 210 – 238 days of age (30 -34 weeks) MATE ON SECOND HEAT
  4. Weight at first mating 150kg (130-160kg)
  5. Crate train them
  6. Mate and leave them (low stress)
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5
Q

Why are gilts the lowest reproductive performers?

A

• Less piglets + lower birthweight (still growing when mated for the first time- 30wks)
• Lower colostrum and milk production (mammary glands not fully developed)
> Higher piglet mortality, disease + lighter weaning weights
• Longer weaning to service interval
Most herds = 80% sows, 20% gilts

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6
Q

Target piglets born alive per litter?

A

> 11.5
(10 minimum, 11 desirable)

Depends on sow weaning age

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7
Q

Target farrowing rate? (%)

A

90%
86% for gilts
(85-90%)

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8
Q

When do you “ad lib” feed sows?

A

Lactation and post weaning/mating.

Never ad lib feed boars.

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9
Q

Target BCS for a sow?

A

BCS >2.5

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10
Q

Target pre-weaning mortality? (%)

A

<10%

2% culls/deaths

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11
Q

Target pigs weaned/mated female/year?

A

23-26+

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12
Q

Target female mortality? (%)

A

<10%

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13
Q

Target weaning to first service interval?

A

4 days

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14
Q

Target number of litters/mated female/year?

A

2.3-2.4

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15
Q

Target post-weaning mortality? (%)

A

<5%

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16
Q

How many eggs does each female produce?

After ovulation, how long until the eggs die?

A

Sows: 23
Gilts: 20
Die 8 hours after ov.

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17
Q

When should fertilisation occur after ovulation for optimal fertility?

A

6 hours after ov is optimum.

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18
Q

How long does sperm survive for? (in the female)

A

24 hours

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19
Q

How many (%) pigs ovulate while display oestrus?

A

70%

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20
Q

List signs of oestrus.

A 
Ears
- Calling sow ("honking")
Eyes
- Restless, nervous, inappetent
- Red swollen vulva
- Ears erect in presence of boar
Touch
- + back pressure test in presence of boar
- Tacky vaginal discharge
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21
Q

When to inseminate?

A

(she will need a boar to show oestrus)

24 hours after displaying “male” behaviour & honking she stands to back pressure.

Boar test positive & back pressure positive.
Inseminate 12-36 hours after standing onset.
(middle 24 hours, stands for 48 hours)

Note:
Semen survives for 24 hours.
Come into heat day 3-7 after weaning.
To save energy, she will only stand to back pressure for 15 mins of every hour. For the remaining 45 mins she will act normal.

22
Q

Describe natural mating process.

A

Mating pen: no obstructions, >2.5m wide
Observer: Non-spermicidal vinyl gloves, assist boar if required, be gentle and quiet.

Ejaculation (anal winking of boar) for >3 mins

23
Q

Describe the AI process.

A

Clean vulva
Gloves (not latex/powdered)
Lube 2cm below catheter tip
Give sow nose-nose contact with boar (for uterine contractions)
Put catheter in cervix (point upwards to avoid urethra, 30 degrees)
Attach semen bag
Stimulate sow + push in semen
(If drawing semen in too quickly, slow down flow by lowering tube)
Leave catheter in 5-10 mins, remove
Leave for another 5-10 mins before moving

(don’t touch catheter tip or opening of semen bag)

24
Q

How to stimulate a sow? (manually)

A

Weight on sow.
Rub back & udder.
Pull loose skin on flank.

25
Q

Pregnancy checking.

A 
Boar test
18-24d: boar test (regular return)
21d+: US
25-35d: boar test (irregular return)
28d: doppler machine for uterine pulse
8wks: by eye
26
Q

Male and female surgeries? Indications?

A

Female:
OHE (desexing)
Hysteriectomy (specific pathogen-free piglets)
Caesarian (dystocia)
Embryo transfer (transfer sterile genetics)

Male:
Vasectomy (V boars, male characteristics + no preg)
Epididymectomy (same)
Castration (desexing 7-10d, no anaesthesia <21d)

27
Q

Surgery drugs & protocol?

A

Ketamine & xylazine IV (jugular)
OR
Zoletil (not in food producers) & xylazine IM (behind ear)
(15-20 mins duration)

Gaseous:
Acepromazine PO (pigs with attitude)
Thiopentone IV
Isoflurane

Pain relief + ABs after.

28
Q

Why don’t we use halothane in pigs?

A

Malignant hyperthermia (stress gene response)

29
Q

How long to fast before surgery?

A

Fast 6-8hrs before, keep water.

30
Q

2 methods of intubation.

A

Endotracheal & nasal intubation.

31
Q

Inducing oestrus drugs?

A

PMSG/hCG

32
Q

Inducing farrowing drugs + doses + route?

A

PGs (no corticosteroids in pigs)
Lutalyse 2mL IM
Juramate 0.7ml IM
Estrumate 0.7ml IM

Can half dose and give in vulval skin fold before 6 hours apart
DON’T induce before 113d! (premature> death)
Don’t self inject! (human abortion)

33
Q

Synchronising oestrus drugs?

A

Oral progesterone

To be joined into herd, cycling already, synchronise in mating week

34
Q

When to assist farrowing & drugs?

A

Indication: farrowing started, no piglet for 30 mins

Oxytocin

Max 2 doses (more= piglet has a problem)
ONLY when cervix fully dilated (check before)

35
Q

3 things needed to align at ovulation?

A

Boar test +
Back pressure +
Sperm lifespan (24hrs)

36
Q

How often to heat check?

A

Heat check twice daily .

Visible oestrus: 15 mins of every hour.

37
Q 
3 methods to inseminate.
Where does the sperm go?
Volume?
Concentration?
Time?
A

Natural mating: cervix
250-400ml, 60-80 bill, 5-10 mins (most)

Traditional AI: cervix
70-80ml, 2-3 bill, 3-5 mins

Post cervical AI: uterine horn
15-40ml, 0.5-1.5 bill, 10-15 secs (least)

38
Q

How long is a female’s cycle?

A

3 weeks

39
Q

Explain the stages of pregnancy (day 0-35)

A

Day 0: ovulation + fertilisation
Day 2: embryo enters uterus from oviduct
Day 7: embryo hatches
Day 10: free embryo releases oestrogen sulphate
Need min 5 embryos in uterus (SIGNAL ONE!)
Day 14-17: embryo implants, releases oestrogen sulphate (SIGNAL TWO!)
Day 35: bone formed in foetus

40
Q

What happens if there is no 1st signal?

A

No day 10 signal: returns 18-24 d (regular RTS)

41
Q

What happens if there is no 2nd signal?

A

No day 14-17 signal: returns 25-35 d (irregular RTS)

42
Q

What happens if foetus dies ~20d?

A

Pseudopregnancy
OR
Irregular RTS 50d+ (peak 63d)

43
Q

What happens if foetus dies >35d?

A

Mummification & pregnancy continues as long as one foetus is alive

44
Q

How do you age a foetus?

e.g. crown rump length=30mm

A

Crown rump length/3 + 21 = days old

e.g. 30/3 + 21 = 31d

45
Q

Irregular: Regular RTS ratio?

A

1:4

Regular= 3wk, 6wk ...
Irregular= any other
46
Q

Target RTS? (%)

A

10%

47
Q

Target abortion? (%)

A

0.5-1%

48
Q

3 types of catheters.

A

Catheters: clear tip, foam tip, spirette

49
Q

Sperm storage (temp, time, maintenance…)

A 
Store sperm at 16-18C (fertility reduces greatly after 2d)
In extender (85mL, >2-3bill)
Turn twice daily so it doesn't clump.
50
Q

Target mummified foetuses? (%)

A

<2%

Vet635 Pig and Poultry Health Management (5 decks)

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