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Animal Physiology University of Regina > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

What does life cycle begin with?

A
  • Life cycle begins with a single cell

- Growth and differentiation

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2
Q

Whats established during embryonic development?

A

Reproductive traits

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3
Q

What is asexual reproduction ideal environment?

A

Constant, stable environment

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4
Q

What are clones?

A

Buds from somatic tissue

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5
Q

Whats parthenogenesis?

A
  • No male gamete required

- Ova and female reproductive system only

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6
Q

What are 5 elements of sexual reproduction?

A
  1. Sex determination
  2. Gametogenesis
  3. Mating
  4. Fertilization
  5. Development
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7
Q

What is sex determination? In mammals? Birds? Honeybees?

A

-Determination of sex by genotype.
-Mammals
XX= female; XY= male

-Birds and butterflies
ZW= female; ZZ= male

-Honeybee
Asexual or sexual
Sexual always produces female (diploid= 2 sex chromosomes)
Asexual always produces male through parthenogenesis (haploid= 1 sex chromosome)

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8
Q

Whats hermaphroditism?

A

Capacity to produce both eggs and sperm

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9
Q

What are simultaneous hermaphrodites? Serial hermaphrodites?

A
  • Simultaneous hermaphrodites
  • Has both functional male and female sexual organs at the same time. Self-fertilization often occurs.
  • Serial hermaphrodites
  • Change sex in response to environmental cues
  • Protygynous- Female organs develop
  • Protandrous- Male organs develop
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10
Q

What is TSD?

A
  • Temperature-dependent sex determination
  • Environmental temperature during a critical period of embryonic development that determines whether an egg develops as male or female
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11
Q

Whats gametogenesis?

A

Process in which cells undergo meiosis to form gametes

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12
Q

What’s oogenesis? When does it start in a females life?

A
  • Production of an ovum.

- Starts when fetus is 8-20 weeks old

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13
Q

What is an ovary composed of?

A

-Ova-producing oogonia and surrounding somatic cells

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14
Q

Whats follicluogenesis? When does it occur?

A
  • Some follicles stimulated to mature

- Prior to ovulation

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15
Q

How do vertebrate ooctyes grow?

A

Grow by accepting material from somatic follicle cells

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16
Q

What are 3 modes distinguished by fate of ova prior to and after fertilization? Define each.

A

*Ovipary
Producing young by means of eggs that are hatched after they have been laid by the parent.

*Vivipary
Development of the embryo. Producing living young from within the body.

*Ovovivipary
Producing young by means of eggs that are hatched within the body of the parent,

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17
Q

How does the angler fish reproduce?

A

Parasitic mating
The male fuses himself onto the flesh of the much larger female anglerfish.
All that’s left of the male is his reproductive organs, which the female Angler will use to fertilize her eggs

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18
Q

Whats spermatogenesis? When? Where?

A
  • Production of sperm
  • Continuous
  • In the seminiferous tubules of the male testes
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19
Q

3 Seminiferous tubule cell types?

A
  1. Leydig cells- adjacent to the seminiferous tubules in the testicle. They produce testosterone in the presence of luteinizing hormone (LH).
  2. Spermatogenic cells- Cells that give rise to sperm
  3. Sertoli cells- Absorbing extra cytoplasm from newly created spermatozoa- helps in spermatogenesis by keeping cells healthy and nourished/
20
Q

Whats the male sex hormone for sexual maturation? Location? Function?

A

Androgens
Testes
Promote hair growth, voice deepening and libido

21
Q

What are 5 male sex hormones for spermatogenesis? Location? Function?

A
  1. GnRH- Hypothalamus
    - Stimulates LH release, FSH synthesis and release
  2. LH- Anterier pituitary
    - Androgen synthesis and release
  3. FSH- Anterior pituitary
    - stimulates spermatogenesis
  4. Androgens- Testes (Leydig cells)
    - stimulates spermatogensis
  5. Prostaglandins- Seminal vesicles
    - Induce changes within uterus that affect sperm motility
22
Q

What happens in sperm release? Where is the sperm stored?

A
  • Spermatids become sperm
  • Nearly mature spermatozoa (cannot swim) released into the lumen of the tubule
  • Sperm stored in the epididymis where they mature further – gain capacity to swim
23
Q

What happens during ejaculation? What is the sperm propelled down? How?

A

-During ejaculation, sperm propelled by cilia or smooth muscle contractions along the vas deferens which connect to the urethra

24
Q

What glands is seminal fluid added to the sperm by during ejaculation?

A

Seminal vesicles- 60% of fluids; made of fructose

Prostate- produce seminal fluid

Bulbourethral gland-

25
Q

What is the full male reproductive tract?

A

Produced in seminiferous tubules in testes. Stored in the epidiymis. The sperm then move to the vas deferens, or sperm duct. The seminal vesicles and prostate gland produce a whitish fluid called seminal fluid, which mixes with sperm to form semen when a male is sexually stimulated.

26
Q

Whats an intromittant (compulatory) organ? 2 types?

A

-Increases the efficiency of sperm transfer.
1. Hemipene
One of a pair of intromittent organs of male squamates (snakes, lizards and worm lizards). Hemipenes are usually held inverted within the body, and are everted for reproduction via erectile tissue, much like that in the human penis
2. True penis
-Changes in blood distribution change penis shape (erection)
-Many mammals also have a bone in the penis (os penis or baculum)

27
Q

What is the echidna penis like?

A
  • Males have a 4-headed penis

- 2 used per copulation event (female has 2 branches in reproductive tract)

28
Q

Whats a duck penis like?

A

Corkscrew-shapes penis

29
Q

How do females store sperm?

A

Can be retained in the female reproductive tract until ovum is released.

30
Q

Whats the estrous reproductive cycles of mammals?

A
  1. Estrus- a recurring period of sexual receptivity and fertility in many female mammals; heat
  2. Metestrus- occurring after ovulation and characterized by development of the corpus luteum, increased progesterone secretion, and decreased estrogen secretion
  3. Diestrus- period of sexual inactivity between recurrent periods of estrus
  4. Proestrus- preparatory period immediately preceding estrus and characterized by growth of graafian follicles, increased estrogenic activity, and alteration of uterine and vaginal mucosa.
31
Q

Whats the ovarian cycle of mammals?

A
  1. Follicular- Estradiol hormone secreted from follicle causing LH and FSH stimulate follicle growth. Estradiol peak causes LH surge which triggers ovulation. Days 0-14
  2. Ovulation- From the LH peak the follicle releases the ovum into the fallopian tube. Estradiol hormone decreases. Day 15
  3. Luteal- Forms corpus luteum which secretes progesterone and estradiol which promotes thickening of endometrium. Days 15-28
32
Q

Whats the menstrual cycle of mammals?

A
  1. Menstrual flow phase- Shedding of endometrium
  2. Proliferation phase- follicles in ovaries mature for ovulation
  3. Secretory phase- Endometrium thickens from increased progesterone and estradiol
33
Q

What are 2 female sex hormones?

A
  1. Estrogen; Ovary; promote fat deposition of ovaries

2. Androgens; ovary; hair growth and libido

34
Q

What are 4 female follicular hormones?

A
  1. GnRH; Hypothalamus; Control LH release and FSH synthesis
  2. LH- Anterior pituitary; triggers ovulation
  3. FSH- Anterior pituitary; stimulates estrogen synthesis and follicle maturation
  4. Estrogens- Ovarian follicle; proliferation of cells
35
Q

What are 3 female luteal hormones?

A
  1. Estrogens- Corpus luteum; inhibit GnRH release, reduce FSH and LH release
  2. Progesterone- Corpus luteum; Promote maturation of endometrium, reduce uterine smooth muscle contractility
  3. Inhibin- Corpus luteum; impairs FSH synthesis and release
36
Q

Whats gestation in Altricial vs precocial species?

A

Altricial species- shorter gestation; give birth to relatively helpless, undeveloped offspring that need extended rearing

Precocial species- longer gestation; give birth to more developed offspring that are mobile and independent and require minimal rearing

37
Q

Whats parturition (birth) induced by in mammals?

A
  • Induced by contraction of smooth muscle (myometrium) of uterus
  • Begins in response to series of hormonal changes
38
Q

Whats prolactin?

A

a hormone released from the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates milk production after childbirth

39
Q

2 cells in mammary gland?

A

Exocrine- produce and secrete substances onto an epithelial surface by way of a duct

Myoepithelial- These may be positive for alpha smooth muscle actin and can contract and expel the secretions of exocrine glands

40
Q

What are components of milk?

A

Source of water, salts, nutrients for infant

41
Q

Whats colostrum?

A

First milk produced

42
Q

What are 3 pregnancy hormones?

A
  1. Chorionic gonadotopin- Placenta; release of estrogen from corpus luteum
  2. Estrogens- Placenta; stimulte proliferation of secretory cells but prevent milk secretion
  3. Progesterone- Placenta; Blocks estrogens stimulation of smooth muscle and prevents ovulation
43
Q

3 parturition hormones?

A
  1. Oxytocin- Posterior pituitary; promotes smooth muscle contraction
  2. Prostaglandins- Placenta; promote smooth muscle contraction
  3. Prolactin- Anterior pituitary; promotes growth and colostrum synthesis.
44
Q

2 post partum hormones?

A
  1. Oxytocin- Posterior pituitary; promote smooth muscle contraction
  2. Prolactin- Anterior pituitary; stimulates growth and milk synthesis
45
Q 
What do each of these hormones do in the female body? Estrogens
Androgens
GnRH
LH
FSH
Progesterone
Chorionic gonadotropin
oxytocin
prostalandins
prolactin
A

Estrogens
-Sexual Maturation
“secondary sex characteristics
Fat, ovary, mammary glands”
-Follicular phase
Follicle maturation, edometrium thickening
-Luteal phase
Inhibit GnRH
-Pregnancy
“-milk secretion
- Stimulate uterine smooth muscle”

Androgens
Sexual Maturation- Secondary sex characteristics– hair growth, libido

GnRH
Follicular phase-Control LH, FSH synthesis and release

LH
Follicular phase- Ovarian follicle – triggers ovulation

  • *FSH**
  • Follicular phase- Stimulates estrogen synthesis and follicle maturation
  • *Progesterone**
  • Luteal phase- Maturation of endometrium
  • Pregnancy- Blocks estrogen stimulation of smooth muscle
  • *Chorionic gonadotropin**
  • Pregnancy- Release of estrogen from corpus luteum
  • *oxytocin**
  • Parturition-Smooth muscle contraction- uterus
  • Post-partum- Smooth muscle contraction - mammary
  • *prostalandins**
  • Parturition- Smooth muscle contraction
  • *prolactin**
  • Parturition- Milk synthesis
  • Post-partum- Milk synthesis

Animal Physiology University of Regina (7 decks)

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