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Animal Physiology University of Regina > Nervous System (CNS and PNS) > Flashcards

Nervous System (CNS and PNS) Flashcards

1
Q

Do sponges have a nervous system?

A

No

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2
Q

Describe the Cnidarians CNS. What are they?

A
  • Have nerve nets- where neurons are spread apart
  • Lack a brain
  • Jellyfish
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3
Q

Describe the Annelids CNS. What are they?

A
  • Well developed brain
  • Ganglia in each segment
  • Earthworms
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4
Q

Describe the Arthropods CNS. What are they?

A
  • Brain
  • Ventral nerve chord-double row of ganglia nervee chords on ventral and dorsal
  • Segmental ganglia-in the thorax and abdomen provide nerves to the appendages, dorsal muscles, sense organs, and heart.
  • Decentralized nervous system
  • Crab
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5
Q

Describe the Cephalopods CNS. What are they?

A
  • Ganglia in each arm
  • Ganglia in body
  • Brain
  • Squid
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6
Q

Describe the Vertebrates CNS. What are they?

A
  • Highly cephalized
  • Hollow nerve chord on dorsal (back) side of body- the spine
  • Animals
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7
Q

What are the four CNS protective barriers?

A
  1. Bone coverings
  2. Protective meninges
  3. Cerebrospinal fluid
  4. Blood-brain barrier
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8
Q

What is bone’s role in CNS protection?

A
  • Brain is covered by skull

- Spinal cord is protected by vertebrae

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9
Q

What is meninges role in CNS protection? 3 types?

A
  • The cranial meninges are layers of connective tissue continuous with the spinal meninges.
  • Protect the brain and provide nutrients
  • Dura mater-tough outer layer under the skull
  • Arachnoid mater- spidery middle layer
  • Pia mater- thin layer over the brain
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10
Q

What is cerebrospinal fluids role in CNS protection? 3 functions?

A
  • Circulates through the internal cavities in the brain and spinal cord
  • Mechanical- cushions the brain and protects from trauma
  • Homeostatic- Removes waste products
  • Circulation- Circulates nutrients
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11
Q

What is blood brain barrier’s role in CNS protection?

A

-a filtering mechanism of the capillaries that carry blood to the brain and spinal cord tissue

  • The vascular endothelium around brain capillaries forms tight junctions with the nearby astrocytes.
  • Blocks passage of certain substances
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12
Q

What are the three regions of the brain? How are they split up?

A
  • Hindbrain- Controls most reflex responses; Regulates involuntary behaviours
  • Midbrain-Coordinate visual, auditory, and sensory information
  • Forebrain-Process olfactory (smell) information; Regulating body temp, reproduction, sleeping, eating; Learning and memory
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13
Q

What are the 3 basic functions (divisions) of the hindbrain?

A

-Medulla oblongata
Reflex centers regulating breathing, heart rate, diameter of blood vessels
Neural pathways between spinal cord and brain

-Pons
Control alertness, sleep and wake, regulates breathing

-Cerebellum
Motor coordination (body posture, coordinates locomotion, integrates info from proprioceptors)n
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14
Q

What are the basic functions of the midbrain?

A
  • Tectum- Optic lobes- Processes visual, auditory and touch information.
  • Tegmentum- Reflex responses to visual, auditory and touch
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15
Q

Midbrain differences in animals.

A
  • Humans- small

- Other animals are large

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16
Q

What are the basic functions of the forebrain?

A
  • Cerebrum (Basal gangli, Amygdala, Hippocampus)
  • Olfactory bulb
  • Accessory olfactory bulb
  • Hypothalamus
  • Epithalamus
  • Thalamus
17
Q

What are the 3 basic functions of the forebrains cerebrum?

A

Cerebrum= Information processing

  • Basal gangli- Movements
  • Amygdala- Emotions
  • Hippocampus- Memory
18
Q

What are the basic functions of the forebrains olfactory bulb and accessory olfactory bulb? What secondary structure are these?

A
  • Olfactory bulb- Sense of smell
  • Accessory olfactory bulb- Direction of pheromones
  • Telencephalo
19
Q

What are the basic functions of the forebrains thalamus, hypothalamus and epithalamus? What secondary structure are these?

A
  • Hypothalamus- Homeostatic regulation (e.g. body temp, feeding, repro, hunger, and thirst; circadian rhythms, sleep/wake cycles
  • Epithalamus- Melatonin secretion. circadian rhythms, regulation of limbic system
  • Thalamus- Integrates sensory information
  • Diencephalon
20
Q

What are the cerebrum’s lobes? 4 main and 11 cortical areas.

A
  • *Frontal lobe**
  • Primary motor cortex
  • Premotor cortex
  • Prefrontal cortex (thought)
  • Broncas area (speech)
  • *Parietal lobe**
  • Somatosensory cortex
  • Sensory association areas
  • *Occipital lobe**
  • Visual association areas
  • Visual cortex
  • *Temporal lobe**
  • Olfactory cortex
  • Limbic association areas
  • Auditory cortex
21
Q

What is the difference between the right and left hemispheres of the brain?

A 
**Right**
imagination
holistic thinking
intuition
arts
rhythm
nonverbal cues
feelings visualization
daydreaming
**Left**
logic
sequencing
linear thinking
mathematics
facts
thinking in words
22
Q

Who is Phineas Gage?

A

Got a rod driven through head. Destroyed his left frontal lobe

23
Q

What are the 3 cranial sensory nerves? (PNS)

A

Olfactory (smell), Optic (vision), Vestibulocochlear (hearing)

24
Q

What are the 5 cranial motor nerves? (PNS)

A

Oculomotor (eyeballs and pupills), Trochlear (eyeballs), Abducens (eyeballs), Accessory (head and pectoral region), and Hypoglossal (speech and food)

25
Q

What are the cranial mixed nerves? (PNS)

A

Trigeminal (sense-face, motor-chewing), Facial (sense-taste, motor-blood pressure, swallowing and saliva), and Vagus (Sense-para NS, motor-swallow and vocalization)

26
Q

What are the spinal nerve regions? How many spinal nerves?

A
  • Cervical (neck)- C1-C8
  • Thoracic (chest)- T1-T12
  • Lumbar (lower back)- L1-L4
  • Sacral (under lumbar)- S2-S4
  • Coccygeal (tailbone)- Co1
  • 31
27
Q

What’s a dermatomes?

A

-An area of skin that is innervated by a single spinal nerve, indicated by the letters and number of a particular segmental nerve.
-Important dermatomes include:
C6/C7 - thumb and index
finger (“six-shooter”)
T4 - nipple line
T10 - umbilicus
L1-L5 - lower extremities

28
Q

What are the parts of the Peripheral Nervous system?

A
  • *Afferent (sensory)**
  • cranial nerves
  • *Efferent**
  • -Motor division SNS-skeletal muscle- voluntary
  • -Autonomic division-nonvoluntary
  • Sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous systems deal with smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, exocrine glans, endocrine glands.
  • Enteric nervous system deals with digestive organs
29
Q

What is the ANS?

A
  • Autonomic Nervous System
  • Responds to subconscious visceral sensations
  • Includes autonomic sensory neurons, integrating centers in the CNS, and autonomic motor neurons.
30
Q

Compare the Somatic and Autonomic nervous systems.

A
  • *Somatic**
  • Voluntary and reflexive
  • One neuron in pathway (from CNS to effector)
  • Special sense, skin; proprioceptors
  • Posterior root ganglia; sensory ganglia of cranial nerves
  • Skeletal muscle fibers
  • Excitation only
  • Acetylcholine
  • Thicker diameter, myelinated, fast conduction
  • *Automatic**
  • Involuntary control
  • Two neurons in pathway: preganglionic neuron has preganglionic axon that projects to ganglionic neuron; ganglions neuron has postganglionic axon that projects to effector
  • Visceral (internal organ) senses
  • Posterior root ganglia, sensory ganglia or cranial nerves (sensory)
  • Autonomic ganglia, intramural ganglia, sympathetic trunk ganglia, pre vertebral ganglia (motor)
  • Cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glands
  • Excitation of inhibition of effectors
  • Preganglionic axons release ACh and postganglionic axons release either ACh or norepinephrine (NE)
  • Preganglionic are thin and myelinated; post ganglionic are thinner and unmyelinated; both have slow conduction
31
Q

What is dual ANS innervation?

A

Body organs receive impulses from both sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons

32
Q

What is sympathetic stimulation?

A
  • Fight or flight response

- Comes from spinal nerves

33
Q

Whats SLUDD? What are the parasympathetic nervous systems responses?

A
  • Used to describe responses of parasympathetic nervous system
  • Salivation, Lacrimation, Urination, Digestion, and Defecation
  • Comes from the cranial nerves
34
Q

Difference between SNS and PSNS?

A

SNS
-short preganglionic and long post ganglionic; NE; ganglion close to spine

PSNS
-Long preganglionic and short post; ACh; ganglion within organ

Animal Physiology University of Regina (7 decks)

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