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Bio 152 Cell Biology > reproduction > Flashcards

reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the divisions in spermatogenesis? How many N at each stage?

A 
PGC -2N
spermatogonia A -2N
spermatogonia B -2N
primary spermatocyte - 2N
secondary spermatocyte -N
round spermatid -N
elongated spermatid - N 
spermatazoa -N
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2
Q

When does spermatogenesis occur in males? Which life stage?

A

post puberty.

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3
Q

What are the divisions in oogenesis? How many N at each stage?
When do these occur in a female? Life stages?
When are polar bodies excluded?

A 
PGC -2n
oogonia - 2n
primary oocyte -2n -  pre birth - pro I
secondary oocyte -n - polar body - metII until ovulation.
mature oocyte -n -polar body.
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4
Q

What is external fertilisation and what living things do this?
What is a good example of external fertilisation?

A

outside of the body - aquatic animals - fish.

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5
Q

What is internal fertilisation and what living things do this?

A

.sperm deposited directly inside usually female - nearly all mammals.

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6
Q

What is urchin reproductive strategy similar to? Why is it so easy to study them?

A

most mammals - they can be stimulated in lab to produce eggs and sperm easily.

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7
Q

Draw a sea urchin sperm and label

A

.

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8
Q

Draw a sea urchin oocyte and label

A

.

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9
Q

What happens when the sperm meets the oocyte?

A
  • penetrates cumulus.
  • binds to zona pellucida receptors causing acrosome reaction.
  • penetrates zona pellucida and fuses with oocyte.
    leads to cortical reaction - bona hardening.
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10
Q

What is the function of the acrosome?

A

contains enzymes used to digest through cumulus and zona pellucida/vitelline layer.

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11
Q

What is the acrosomal process made from? And what is its role?

A

contains enzymes used to digest through cumulus and zona pellucida/vitelline layer.

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12
Q

How do they avoid polyspermy? What are the problems with polyspermy?

A
  • fast block = electrochemical block via influx of Na - temporary an d for externals only.
  • urchin - secretion of a barrier of cortical granules
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13
Q

What is the role of the oocytes cortical granules?

A

.

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14
Q

How is the fertilisation envelope formed? What does it do?

A

.

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15
Q

What is the cortical reaction? How long does it take roughly?

A

.

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16
Q

Sketch a human sperm. How does this differ from the urchin?

A

.

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17
Q

Sketch a human oocyte. How does this differ from urchin?

A

.

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18
Q

Where in the repro tract does fertilisation occur?

A

.

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19
Q

Draw and label a female repro tract? Why is it so difficult for sperm to reach? What is the benefit of this?

A

.

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20
Q

What evidence is there that female tract “selects” sperm?

A

.

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21
Q

What are the steps of human fertilisation?

A

.

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22
Q

Apart from bringing genetic material, what other role does sperm have in fertilisation?

A

.

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23
Q

What is the role of sperm-egg recognition?

A

.

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24
Q

What ion is responsible for the fertilisation signal?

A

.

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25
Q

Until what stage in development is reproductive development the same for both sexes?
What arises in this time period?

A

.

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26
Q

What is gene is express after this period? Where is it in the genome?

A

.

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27
Q

What causes female gonad development?

A

.

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28
Q

What happens from week 7 in ovary development? Draw and label what this looks like

A

.

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29
Q

Where do the columns of cells come from?

A

.

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30
Q

How deeply to sex cord penetrate in females? What do they cluster around?

A

.

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31
Q

Where do vasculature and theca cells come from?

A

.

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32
Q

What ducts form the male repro system

A

.

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33
Q

What ducts form the female repro system (think of Muller yogurt – only women eat it)

A

.

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34
Q

Which duct remains in the default pathway?

A

.

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35
Q

When does oogenesis occur?

A

.

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36
Q

Draw a flow chart with the names of the different cells from germ to mature oocyte and spermatozoa. Label when mitosis and meiosis occur.

A

.

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37
Q

When does meiosis occur in males? In females?

A

.

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38
Q

Does complete meiosis occur at once in oogenesis?

A

.

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39
Q

In what stage is meiosis arrested? What is the name of this halt in meiosis?

A

.

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40
Q

When in meiosis 1 completed?
When is the second arrest?
When is meiosis 2 completed?

A

.

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41
Q

At what stage is oogenesis at birth? Spermatogenesis? (in other words which stages occur in utero)

A

.

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42
Q
  1. What is the female egg number at puberty?
  4. D
  5. 22.
A

.

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43
Q

How many eggs will be ovulated in a lifetime?

A

.

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44
Q

Are meiotic divisions symmetrical in oogenesis?

A

.

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45
Q

What is the byproduct of this meiotic division? What is the benefit of releasing these?

A

.

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46
Q

Where do oocytes develop?

A

.

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47
Q

What are the 2 types of somatic cells involved in oocyte development?

A

.

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48
Q

Describe folliculogenesis – the stages?

A

.

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49
Q

Describe the primordial follicle

When do these develop?

A

.

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50
Q

How long from the initiation of follicle development until ovulation? Is this dependent on the menstrual cycle?

A

.

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51
Q

Describe the primary follicle? What do the different cells look like? Is its development dependent on the menstrual cycle?

A

.

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52
Q

Describe the formation of the zona pellucida. Describe its structure. What is the ZP important for?

A

.

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53
Q

Describe the secondary follicle. Is this dependent on the menstrual cycle?

A

.

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54
Q

Describe the tertiary follicle. Is this dependent on the menstrual cycle? What happens in the tertiary follicle?

A

.

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55
Q

How many dominant follicles are there at one time?

A

.

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56
Q

Sketch the structure of an ovary

A

.

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57
Q

What hormones are involved? Where are each of these secreted? What are their roles?

A

.

58
Q

What is the name of the axis that describes the hormones interaction with the gonads?

A

.

59
Q

What are the 2 types of somatic cells in the follicle? What are their roles?

A

.

60
Q

What is the name of the hypothesis that describes how these cells release their hormones?

A

.

61
Q

Sketch the cells and the hormones they release and how they interact

A

.

62
Q

What hormones control the output of these cells? What effect do these hormones have?

A

.

63
Q

What are the 2 main ovarian hormones?

A

.

64
Q

What is the role of oestrogens?

A

.

65
Q

What is the role of progesterone?

A

.

66
Q

Sketch how hormone levels change across the female menstrual cycle and mark where ovulation occurs

A

.

67
Q

What days in the cycle is menstruation?

A

.

68
Q

What days are the preovulatory phase? Periovulatory?

A

.

69
Q

What occurs in the follicular/proliferative phase? _____ secretes ________. In response _____ secretes ______. Up to ______ follicles are rescued. ______ and ______ cells develop in follicles and produce _______ hormone. This thickens the _______ and thins __________. Oestrogen supresses ______ production by the _____________.

A

.

70
Q

Granulosa in the dominant follicle express what receptor?

A

.

71
Q

What causes the LH surge? What releases the LH?

A

.

72
Q

When is meiosis 1 completed?

When does meiosis 2 begin? And at what stage is it arrested in?

A

.

73
Q

What changes occur in the oocyte structure at this stage?

A

.

74
Q

What is the cumulus oophorus?

A

.

75
Q

What is the stigma? And what happens to it on ovulation?

A

.

76
Q

What picks up the cumulus-oocyte complex? At what time period does this occur?

A

.

77
Q

What is the luteal phase? What is a corpus luteum?

A

.

78
Q

What are theca cells?

A

.

79
Q

What happens to the endometrium during the luteal phase? What type of feedback occurs here and what hormones does it involve?

A

>

80
Q

What hormone is produced when pregnant and by what cells? What receptor on what cells does this bind to? What does this hormone do?

A

>

81
Q

What hormones are produced to support pregnancy?

A

>

82
Q

What hormones supress ovulation?

A

>

83
Q

From what stage in pregnancy does the placenta take over these roles?

A

>

84
Q

What happens in the repro tract if NOT pregnant? What hormone is not produced? What happens to the corpus luteum? What is it then called?

A

>

85
Q

What happens to progesterone and oestrogen levels?

A

>

86
Q

What hormone leaves to breakdown of the endometrium

A

>

87
Q

What is different about the estrous cycle of humans and some primates?
What occurs in other animals?

A

>

88
Q

Define gonads

A

>

89
Q

Define gamete?

A

>

90
Q

Define germ cell?

A

> .

91
Q

What are the precursors to germ cells

A

>

92
Q

Up until what age are female and male gonad development the same?

A

>

93
Q

The presence of _______ leads to testes formation
____ _____ ______ = controller gene for testes
formation also known as _____ gene

A

>

94
Q

What happens to female mice with SRY gene? What gonads do they develop?

A

>

95
Q

What happens in week 7 of testes development. Columns of cells from _____________ proliferate and penetrate ___________ (deeply or shallowly?)
Sketch and label what this looks like

A

>

96
Q

What cells form the vasculature? Where do they migrate from?

A

>

97
Q

What are leydig cells?

A

>

98
Q

What makes up a testes?

A

>

99
Q

Where are the prospermatogonia?

A

>

100
Q

Where is the vasculature and leydig cells?

A

>

101
Q

When does SRY stop being expressed

A

>

102
Q

What are sertoli cells? What do they produce?

A

>

103
Q

What do leydig cells produce? What is the effect of this?

A

>

104
Q

What are the 2 testis comparments and what are the 2 things produced by post pubertal testis?

A

>

105
Q

What is the name of the barrier protecting the testis from blood borne chemicals? Where is this? What junctions link ______ cells to eachother?
When does this barrier develop?
What are the 2 functions of this barrier?

A

>

106
Q

What are the 3 phases of spermatogenesis?

A

>

107
Q

When are prospermatogonia reactivated? Where do they undergo mitosis?

A

>

108
Q

What are the spermatogonial stem cells called?

A

>

109
Q

What are the names of the sperm at each stage of the proliferation process?

A

>

110
Q

Where does the primary spermatocyte move to? What does this need to pass through?

A

>

111
Q

sperm - Where does it undergo its first meiotic division? What does this form?

A

>

112
Q

sperm - What stage is also known as differentiation?

What structural change occurs at differentiation?

A

>

113
Q

What is the acrosome?

A

>

114
Q

sperm - What is the function of the flagellum? How does it work?

A

>

115
Q

sperm - What is the function of mitochondria? How does it work?

A

>

116
Q

What is the function of the nucleus in sperm? How is this different from normal cell nuclei?
Describe the cytoplasm

A

>

117
Q

How long does this whole process take in humans?

A

>

118
Q

What is the name of the gonad-hormonal axis?

A

>

119
Q

Give an example of a regulatory facto that gonads produce

A

>

120
Q

What is the type of feedback loop in male? How does this differ from female?

A

>

121
Q

What hormone is produced from where at puberty? What physical factors is this dependent on?

A

>

122
Q

What does LH do?

A

>

123
Q

What does FSH do?

A

>

124
Q

What produces androgens? What is it converted to and by what? Where does it bind?

A

>

125
Q

What is the name of the cytokine produced by sertoli cells? What is its effect?

A

>

126
Q

How long is the path compared to a sperm? How many make the journey?

A

>

127
Q

Where do the sperm mature?

A

>

128
Q

What is capacitation and where does this occur?

A

>

129
Q

What is the path the sperm take?How much of the fluid is reabsorbed?

A

>

130
Q

How long does sperm passage take?

A

>

131
Q

What is the role of the epididymis in maturation? What are the sections called? What is the function of each section?

A

>

132
Q

How does the human cauda compare to other animals? What is the consequence of this?

A

>

133
Q

What is the roe of the vas deferens?

A

±>

134
Q

What are the components of semen? How many ml?

A

>

135
Q

What is seminal plasma and where is it produced? What is its role?

A

>

136
Q

What are the seminal vesicles and what do they produce?

A

>

137
Q

What is the prostate and what does it produce?

A

>

138
Q

What is the bulbourethral glad (also known as ?) and what does it produce?

A

>

139
Q

What happens to the semen when it enters the female tract?

A

.

140
Q

What are spermatheca?

A

.

141
Q

How long can sperm survive in the female tract?

A

.

Bio 152 Cell Biology (7 decks)

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