cardiovascular system

Question 1

Draw and label a sarcomere when relaxed and contracted

Answer 1

see diagrams.

Question 2

Which band in sliding filament model gets smaller upon contraction?

Answer 2

I band

Question 3

What is the name of the theory that muscle contraction is based on?

Answer 3

cross-bridge theory.

Question 4

What 2 components make up an actin filament?

Answer 4

d

Question 5

What triggers contraction?

Answer 5

Ca ion released from Sarcoplasmic reticulum into sarcoplasm.

Question 6

Describe the 7 steps of muscle contraction?

Answer 6

1. Ca2+ released from Sarcoplasmic reticulum.
2. Ca2+ in sarcoplasm binds to troponin and exposes myosin binding sites under tropomyosin.
3. myosin head binds to actin - ADP released.
4. power stroke - myosin head changes conformation - filaments slide past one another.
   5.

Question 7

What is the role of troponin?

Answer 7

r

Question 8

What is the role of ATP in muscle contraction?

Answer 8

.s

Question 9

How is muscle contraction terminated?

Answer 9

.s

Question 10

What is a muscle made from (3 levels)?

Answer 10

.s

Question 11

What affects blood pressure?

Answer 11

.s

Question 12

What affects cardiac output?

Answer 12

s.

Question 13

What affects vascular resistance?

Answer 13

.s

Question 14

What affects blood volume?

Answer 14

.s

Question 15

What causes changes in these bp, cardiac output & blood volume?

Answer 15

.s

Question 16

BP is controlled by __________________ systems (general type of regulatory system).

Answer 16

.s

Question 17

What are the 4 BP control systems?

Answer 17

.s

Question 18

What types of receptors are there in the cardiovascular centre? What do they detect?

Answer 18

.s

Question 19

What input does the CNS provide the CV centre? From where and what does the signal signify?

Answer 19

.s

Question 20

What is the CV output to the heart? What are the 2 nerves? What do they cause?

Answer 20

.s

Question 21

How does the ANS affect heart rate? Both sympathetic and para? Via what pathways?

Answer 21

s.

Question 22

Where do sympathetic nerves run to and from?

Answer 22

.s

Question 23

What neurotransmitter do cardiac accelerator nerves release?
What does this neurotransmitter cause inside the cells?
What is the result of this on heart rate

Answer 23

.s

Question 24

What is the para nerve? Where does it run to?
What neurotransmitter does it release?
What is its effect on heart rate?
How does it effect contractility?

Answer 24

.s

Question 25

What are the impacts of having TOO low blood pressure?

Answer 25

.s

Question 26

In patients of what disease is low blood pressure a particular problem?

Answer 26

.s

Question 27

Name the categories of blood vessels.

Answer 27

.s

Question 28

At rest where is most of our blood? What percentage? How much is in the other vessels?

Answer 28

.s

Question 29

What are the layers of a blood vessel?

Answer 29

s.

Question 30

Sketch a capillary, artery and vein and label the layers

Answer 30

.s

Question 31

What is the role of an artery?

Answer 31

.s

Question 32

What is the difference between an artery and an arteriole?

Answer 32

.s

Question 33

What is the role of a capillary?

Answer 33

.s

Question 34

What are the 3 types of capillary? What are their roles?

Answer 34

.s

Question 35

What is the difference between a vein and a venule?

Answer 35

.ss

Question 36

What is the role of veins/venules?

Answer 36

.s

Question 37

What is the process by which smooth muscle relaxes to let blood into the capillary bed and out again?

Answer 37

.s

Question 38

What is the purpose of a capillary bed?

Answer 38

.s

Question 39

What is between an arteriole and a capillary

Answer 39

s.

Question 40

What are the 3 ways that substances can be exchanged through capillaries? Give examples of types of molecules for each

Answer 40

s.

Question 41

Where is the heart located?

Answer 41

.s

Question 42

What is the heart surrounded by? What are the layers called?

Answer 42

.s

Question 43

What are the layer of the heart wall and what are they made from?

Answer 43

s.

Question 44

From the lungs to the body describe, in the correct order the vessels and chambers describe the path of a blood vessel

Answer 44

.s

Question 45

What are the heart nodes? Where are they?

Answer 45

.s

Question 46

Describe the heart beat cycle

Answer 46

.s

Question 47

Draw and label an ECG

Answer 47

.s

Question 48

Draw and label a ventricular action potential

Answer 48

.s

Question 49

Describe the ion movements that occur at different stages in this AP

Answer 49

.s