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Bio 152 Cell Biology > Cell Biology > Flashcards

Cell Biology Flashcards

1
Q

Label as many features in a mammalian cell as you can.

A 
SER
RER
NUCLEUS, nucleolus
Mitochondrion 
Plasma membrane
Golgi apparatus 
Cytoplasm
Ribosome
Centrosome
Peroxisome
Lysosomes
Cytoskeleton: microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules.
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2
Q

What structures aren’t found in animal cells but found in others

A 
Chloroplasts.
Cell wall
Central vacuole and tonoplast
Cell wall
Plasmodesmata
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3
Q

3 constituents of cytoplasm

A

Microfibrils
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules

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4
Q

3 types of cell junction

A

Tight junction
Gap junction
Desmosome

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5
Q

Function of centrosome

A

Made of two centrioles - organise microtubules and provide structure for the cell.

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6
Q

Function of peroxisome

A

Break down long fatty acid chains via beta oxidation into smaller fatty acids to be used in metabolic pathway

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7
Q

Function of Golgi apparatus

A

Modifying, sorting and packaging of proteins for secretion.
the transport of lipids around the cell.
Creation of lysosomes

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8
Q

Function of mitochondria

A

Create energy by breaking down nutrients/food, in the form of ATP.
Carry out cellular respiration.

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9
Q

Function of lysosome

A

Membrane bound vesicles containing digestive enzymes to digest run down or excess organelles and food and anything else that needs to be removed from cell.

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10
Q

Function of ribosome

A

Protein synthesis

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11
Q

Function of SER

A

Produce hormones lipids etc

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12
Q

4 things optical microscopy uses to enable shape and organisation to be viewed?

A

Cell staining
Phase contrast techniques
Immunostaining
Fluorescence staining

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13
Q

What has the highest resolution microscope

A

SRM - 250nm

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14
Q

Different stains and function

A

DAPI- fluorescent nuclear stain for DNA.
Eosin-counter stain haematoxylin pink or red with proteins.
Hematoxylin- nuclear stain - blue-violet brown

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15
Q

6 categories of cell types

A 
Nerve cells
Gland cells
Blood cells 
Muscle cells
Bone/skeletal cells
Reproductive cells
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16
Q

Plasma membrane function

A

Separate extracellular from intracellular - protect

Regulates the movement of substances in and out of cells.

17
Q

Where are ribosomes made?

A

Assembled in nucleolus.

Four rRNA strands create 2 subunits.

18
Q

4 enclosed cell compartments organelles

A

ER - rough and smooth.
Golgi apparatus.
Lysosomes/vacuoles.
Trafficking vesicles

19
Q

3 enzymes found in lysosomes

A

Proteases,
Glycosidases
Lipases
Many more

20
Q

Disease caused by lysosomal function defect

A

Lysosomal storage disease

21
Q

2 unusual things about chloroplasts and mitochondria compared to other organelles

A

1) own DNA(genome).

2. Secondary specialised inner membrane.

22
Q

Proposed origin of chloroplasts and mitochondria.

A

Symbiosis of bacteria and animal/plant cells.

23
Q

What % of a bacterial cell is water/protein/DNA/RNA/ions/phospholipids/polysaccharides?

A 
Water - 70%
Protein - 15%
DNA - 1%
RNA - 6%
Ions & small molecules - 4%
Phospholipids - 2%
Polysaccharides - 2%
24
Q

What % of a eukaryotic cell is water/protein/DNA/RNA/ions/phospholipids/polysaccharides?

A 
water - 70%
protein - 18%
DNA - 0.25%
RNA - 1.1%
ions & small molecules- 4%
phospholipids - 3%
polysaccharides - 2%
25
Q

How are proteins made?

A
  • DNA unravelled in are chosen gene is located
  • template strand is used to form a complementary mRNA via transcription.
  • mRNA is moved into RER - nuclear export
  • where it is read 3 codons at a time causing complementary aminoacid is brought via tRNA, amino acid adjacent join to form peptide chain - translation
26
Q

Where does translation take place?

A

Ribosomes on RER

27
Q

Describe process of translation elongation

A

Ribosome has 3 sites A,P,E site.

  • methionine tRNA binds to p site.
  • the next tRNA binds to the A site.
  • peptide bond forms between two amino acids allowing ribosome to slide onto next codon.
  • 2nd tRNA now in p site.
  • next tRNA binds to a site and process carries on until a stop codon is read
28
Q

Where are many proteins synthesised?

A

Ribosomes on endoplasmic reticulum.

29
Q

What process is used to separate cells into their components?

A

Cell fractionation
Centrifugation
Isotope labelling can be used to follow compounds

30
Q

Using cell fractionation how do you isolate proteins associated with membranes?

A

Membranes float on top.

If treated with detergents - make them soluble and sediment profile can be examined to see shape and size of particles

Bio 152 Cell Biology (7 decks)

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