Reproduction

Question 1

What is sexual reproduction?

Answer 1

In sexual reproduction, two parents create non-identical offspring, inheriting characteristics from both parents

Question 2

What is fertilisation?

Answer 2

Fertilisation is the fusion of a male and female gamete to produce a zygote that undergoes cell division to become an embryo

Question 3

What is the female reproductive part of a plant?

Answer 3

The carpel (the stigma, style, ovary and ovule)

Question 4

What is the male reproductive part of a plant?

Answer 4

The stamen (the anther and filament)

Question 5

What is pollination?

Answer 5

The transfer of pollen from the anther of a plant to the stigma

Question 6

What are some adaptations of insect-pollinated plants?

Answer 6

• large, brightly colored petals
• sweet scent
• contain a nectary
• sticky coating on stigma so that pollen sticks to it when insects brush past

Question 7

What are some adaptations of wind-pollinated plants?

Answer 7

• small petals, often brown or dull green
• no scent
• no nectary
• feather or net like stigma to catch pollen, often hangs outside the flower

Question 8

What is asexual reproduction?

Answer 8

In asexual reproduction, a single parent creates genetically identical offspring

Question 9

Give examples of insect-pollinated plants

Answer 9

Daisy, orchid, lily

Question 10

Give examples of wind-pollinated plants

Answer 10

Sugar cane, wheat, grassflower

Question 11

How can plants encourage cross-pollination?

Answer 11

• having the stigma higher than the stamen

- having the stamen and stigma mature at different times

Question 12

What happens when a pollen grain lands on a stigma?

Answer 12

• a pollen tube starts to grown through the style
• digestive enzymes a reproduced by the tip of the pollen tube, enabling it to grow through the tissues in the style
• the pollen tube enters the ovary through the micropyle and reaches the ovule
• after fertilisation, the ovule (containing the fertilised egg) develops into a seed
• the ovule wall becomes the seed coat (testa) and parts of the flower surrounding the ovule develop into fruit

Question 13

What conditions are needed for seed germination?

Answer 13

WOW

Water
Oxygen
Warm temperature

Question 14

How can seeds be dispersed?

Answer 14

By wind (sycamore)
By water (coconut)
By animals (berries)
Mechanically (lupin)

Question 15

How does a seed gain energy for growth?

Answer 15

• a developed seed contains an embryo and a food store (cotyledon) wrapped in the testa
• when water enters the seed through the micropyle, it activates the enzymes which break down starch into glucose
• the glucose is used in respiration to provide the plant with energy for growth
• once the plant has grown enough to produce green leaves, it can photosynthesise

Question 16

Describe a process of natural asexual reproduction in plants

Answer 16

Strawberries:

• the parent plant sends out runners which grow horizontal along the ground
• at certain points, small roots (adventitious roots) grow into the soil
• eventually the runner dies and a new plant is established

Question 17

Describe a process of articulate asexual reproduction in plants

Answer 17

Cuttings

• a small length of stem is taken from the plant and places into water or soil
• growth hormones/regulators may be added to encourage adventitious roots to grow

Question 18

What is the testis?

Answer 18

Where sperm are made

Question 19

What is the prostate gland?

Answer 19

Where semen is produced (the fluid in which sperm swim) and is where the vas deferens and urethra join

Question 20

What is the pubic bone?

Answer 20

It forms part of the pelvic girdle

Question 21

What is the vas deferens?

Answer 21

A muscular tube which carries sperm from testis towards the urethra

Question 22

What is the bladder?

Answer 22

It stores urine produced by the kidneys

Question 23

What is the urethra?

Answer 23

The tube that carries sperm and urine from the body

Question 24

What are the male gametes?

Answer 24

Sperm

Question 25

What are the female gametes?

Answer 25

Ova or eggs cells

Question 26

What is an ovary?

Answer 26

It produces ova and sex hormones

Question 27

What is an oviduct (Fallopian tube)?

Answer 27

A muscular tube that carries the ovum from the ovary to the uterus

Question 28

What is the uterus (womb)?

Answer 28

The organ where an embryo grows

Question 29

What is the endometrium?

Answer 29

The lining of the uterus with a good blood supply for implantation

Question 30

What is the cervix?

Answer 30

The entrance to the uterus

Question 31

What is the vagina?

Answer 31

Where sperm are deposited

Question 32

What does progesterone do?

Answer 32

It maintains the lining of the uterus - when the level falls, the lining breaks down

Question 33

What does oestrogen do?

Answer 33

• it causes the lining of the uterus to thicken and grow

- it stimulates the release of an ovum at day 14

Question 34

What happens on day 14 on the menstrual cycle?

Answer 34

An ovum is released

Question 35

What happens to the level of progesterone produced if a woman becomes pregnant?

Answer 35

It remains high to maintain the lining of the uterus

Question 36

What does a placenta do?

Answer 36

It allows exchange of materials (by diffusion) between the blood of the woman and the blood of the growing embryo

Question 37

What does amniotic fluid do?

Answer 37

It acts as a cushion or shock absorbed and protects the embryo from knocks and bumps

Question 38

What are some secondary sex characteristics in woman and which hormone brings these on?

Answer 38

Oestrogen in women causes

• hips to widen
• development of breasts
• start of periods

Question 39

What are some secondary sex characteristics in men and which hormone brings these on?

Answer 39

Testosterone in men causes:

• sperm production
• penis and testicles to enlarge
• deepening of voice

Question 40

What is ovulation?

Answer 40

The release of a mature egg cell