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Biology 30 > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

Name the male gonads and gametes

A

Testes and sperm

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2
Q

What is the function of the testes? And anatomy?

A

-200m of coiled tubes (seminiferous tubules)
-produce sperm
Cells outside of tubules produce testosterone-interstitial cells of leydig

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3
Q

What is the epididymis?

A

Sperm school
Grow a tail-flagella
Stored for 9-10 weeks

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4
Q

What is the scrotum?

A

Prior to birth testes drop to scrotum-External skin sac

Can contract or relax to stay 2 degrees Lower than body temp

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5
Q

What is the function of the vas deferens?

A

Tube from epididymis
Propelled through during ejaculation
Vasectomy-cutting of vas deferens

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6
Q

What does the ejaculatory duct do?

A

Regulates movement of semen from vas deferens to urethra

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7
Q

Seminal vesicles-what do they release for sperm?

A

Produce and release fructose, mucous, amino acids, and prostaglandins to stimulate urinary contractions to move semen

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8
Q

What is the function of the prostate?

A

Urethra and ejaculatory duct pass through- prevents the mixing of urine and semen by contracting
Release alkaline fluid to combat vaginal acidity
Can enlarge

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9
Q

What is the bulborethral gland?

A

Little known function- releases seminal fluid

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10
Q

What is the penis?

A

External genitalia
3 columns
Stimulated by parasympathetic NS- increase blood flow
Ejaculation stimulated by sympathetic NS

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11
Q

What are the female gonads and gametes?

A

Ovaries and ovum/ova (egg)

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12
Q

What is the anatomy of the penis?

A

Glans penis is skin covering the end

Prepuce foreskin is removed during circumcision

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13
Q

What hormones are involved during spermato genius?

A
  • FSH stimulates sperm production
  • LH stimulates testosterone
  • spermato genesis moves outwards in
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14
Q

What are the parts of the sperm?

A

Acrosome- helmet on head
Head has nucleus (haploid)
Flagella (tail) mobility
23 chromosomes

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15
Q

Sperm production

A

Negative feedback
Sertoli cells
Produces inhibin to prevent too much
Hypothalamus senses inhibin and stops GNRH

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16
Q

What are the ovaries?

A

Contain 1 million potential follicles

Female gonads

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17
Q

What happens before ovulation and after? (Basic menstrual cycle)

A

A menstrual cycle is aprox 28 days. A few hundred follicles start to develop but only one matures. Mature follicle erupts out of ovary to Fallopian tube. Remaining follicle becomes corpus luteum stimulated by LH and reaches max size in 8 days

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18
Q

What is the oviduct?

A

Also known as Fallopian tubes
Ovulated egg directed by finger like projections (fimbrae)
Egg must be fertilizer within 48 hours

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19
Q

What is an ectopic pregnancy?

A

Fertilized egg implants in Fallopian tube and not endometrium and is a spontaneous abortion

20
Q

What are the layers of the uterus?

A

Myometrium-muscular outer wall contracts during birth

Endometrium-nutrient rich inner layer shed during menstrual flow

21
Q

What is the cervix?

A

Opening to the uterus

22
Q

What is a females external genitalia?

A
  • labia minora and majora

- clitoris (also inner-erectile tissues)

23
Q

What are the phases of the menstrual cycle?

A

Flow-shedding of endometrium-day 1

Proliferative-initial thickening of endometrium stimulated by estrogen-1/2 weeks

Secretory-endometrium produces glycogen rich substance-stimulated by progesterone-2weeks-if not pregnant it will shed

24
Q

What are the stages of the ovarian cycle?

A

Follicular-development and maturation of follicle-stimulated by FSH- 2 weeks- follicle releases estrogen

Ovulation-follicle ruptures ovary and out comes the secondary oocyte during LH spike

Luteal-formation of corpus luteum-stimulated by LH- produces progesterone- 2 weeks

25
Q

What hormone stimulates puberty?

A

GNRH
In girls around 10-12
In boys around 13-14

26
Q

What is conception?

A

Fertilization of ovum. Stimulates meiosis 2. Becomes a diploid. 29 minutes after intercourse. Occurs in Fallopian tube.

27
Q

How does an egg prevent polyspermy? (More than one sperm penetrating ovum)

A

It depolarizers and “calcifies”

28
Q

What is the gestation period?

A

From conception to birth (38 weeks)

29
Q

What happens at the beginning of the first trimester?

A

Zygote travels down tube in 3-6 days. Floats for a week in the uterus. Implants itself in endometrium.

30
Q

What is the morula?

A

16 cells (72 hours after fertilization)

31
Q

What is the name for 100 cells after fertilization?

A

Blastocyst-
Trophoblast is the outer layer
Blastocoele is the cavity

32
Q

How long does a blastocyst live off the endometrium?

A

3 months

33
Q

What are the4 layers of the blastocyst?

A

Choroid, amnion, allantois, yolk sac

34
Q

What are the 2 jobs of the chorion?

A

1) produce human chorionic gonadotropin- used to maintain the corpus luteum
2) forms the baby’s placental capillaries

35
Q

What does HCG do for mom? (5 things)

A

Thickens and maintains endometrium. Inhibits GNRH. Forms part of the placenta. Forms a mucous plug in the cervix. Enlarges breasts

36
Q

What is the amnion?

A

It surrounds the baby and forms a sac filled with amniotic fluid. Serves to insulate the baby and act as a shock absorber. Provides movement for development.

37
Q

What is amniocentesis?

A

Taking a sample of amniotic fluid for genetic testing

38
Q

What is the allantois?

A

The umbilical chord.

1 vein to the baby and 2 arteries away.

39
Q

What is gastrulation?

A

Occurs around week 3. The inner cell mass flattens and forms three layers (ecoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm). Cell differentiation begins to occur

40
Q

What is the yolk sac?

A

It has limited function. It forms primordial germ cells, red blood cells, and is where the initial development of the digestive system occurs

41
Q

What is erythroblastosis fetalis?

A

During a second pregnancy, if mom is Rh- and the baby is Rh+ the antibodies from mom can destroy the babies red blood cells during a blood exchange.

42
Q

What is organogenesis?

A

It’s the development of major organs. At 8 weeks most of the organs have begun to develop. It’s called at fetus

43
Q

What are the 3 stages of labour?

A

1) cervix dilates
2) birth
3) expulsion of placenta

44
Q

What is cervical dilation stimulated by?

A

Progesterone decreases and relaxin increases to looses cervix. Oxytocin is stimulated by a positive feedback loop

45
Q

What is a name for false labour?

A

Braxton-Hicks contractions

46
Q

What happens for lactation to occur?

A

During pregnancy, estrogen and progesterone prepare the breasts. After progesterone drop the anterior pituitary releases prolactin. Prolactin stimulates production and oxytocin stimulates the release.

47
Q

What is colostrum?

A

Produced for 2 or 3 days after birth in place of milk. Nutrient rich with antibodies, immunoglobulins, and proteins.

Biology 30 (8 decks)

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