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bio 101 exams practice > reproduction > Flashcards

reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

What are the key features of the angiosperm life cycle?

A

A: Flowers, double fertilization, and fruits are the key features.

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2
Q

What is the function of male wasps interacting with the Mediterranean orchid Ophrys speculum?

A

A: The orchid uses mimicry to attract male wasps, which results in pollination.

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3
Q

What are the four main floral organs?

A

A: Sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels.

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4
Q

What does double fertilization in angiosperms involve?

A

A: Fusion of one sperm with the egg to form a zygote and another sperm with two polar nuclei to form the endosperm.

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5
Q

What are the two types of angiosperm gametophytes?

A

A: Male gametophyte (pollen grain) and female gametophyte (embryo sac).

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6
Q

What is the role of the receptacle in a flower?

A

A: It attaches floral organs to the stem.

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7
Q

What is the function of the sepals?

A

A: To enclose and protect the unopened flower bud.

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8
Q

How do petals aid in reproduction?

A

A: They attract pollinators with bright colors and scents.

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9
Q

What are the two main parts of a stamen?

A

A: Filament and anther.

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10
Q

What is produced in the anther?

A

A: Microsporangia (pollen sacs) that produce pollen.

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11
Q

What are the components of a carpel?

A

A: Stigma, style, and ovary.

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12
Q

What is the function of the stigma?

A

A: To capture pollen.

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13
Q

What is housed in the ovary?

A

A: Ovules containing female gametophytes.

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14
Q

What are complete flowers?

A

A: Flowers that have all four floral organs: sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels.

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15
Q

What are incomplete flowers?

A

A: Flowers missing one or more floral organs.

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16
Q

What type of flowers are unisexual?

A

A: Flowers lacking either stamens or carpels.

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17
Q

What is an inflorescence?

A

A: A cluster of flowers arranged on a stem.

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18
Q

What is the alternation of generations in plants?

A

A: A life cycle alternating between multicellular haploid (n) and diploid (2n) stages.

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19
Q

What does the gametophyte

A

generation produce?
A: Gametes (sperm and eggs) by mitosis.

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20
Q

What does the sporophyte generation produce?

A

A: Haploid spores by meiosis.

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21
Q

What process follows the fusion of gametes?

A

A: Fertilization, resulting in a zygote.

22
Q

How do angiosperm gametophytes differ from other plants?

A

A: They are highly reduced in size and dependent on the sporophyte for nutrients.

23
Q

What are the “three Fs” of the angiosperm life cycle?

A

A: Flowers, double fertilization, and fruits.

24
Q

What structure develops into the fruit in angiosperms?

A

A: The ovary.

25
Q

What does the zygote develop into?

A

A: The embryo of the seed.

26
Q

What is the primary role of fruits in plants?

A

A: Protecting seeds and aiding in their dispersal.

27
Q

What is the function of pollen grains?

A

A: To deliver sperm cells to the ovule.

28
Q

What happens to the pollen grain on the stigma?

A

A: It germinates and grows a pollen tube down to the ovule.

29
Q

What is the embryo sac in angiosperms?

A

A: The female gametophyte within the ovule.

30
Q

What is the role of endosperm in seeds?

A

A: Providing nutrients to the developing embryo.

31
Q

What type of reproduction is common in angiosperms?

A

A: Sexual reproduction, although asexual reproduction also occurs.

32
Q

What is an example of a mutualistic relationship in flowers?

A

A: Flowers and their pollinators.

33
Q

What are the advantages of asexual reproduction in plants?

A

A: Produces genetically identical offspring, conserving advantageous traits.

34
Q

What are the disadvantages of asexual reproduction?

A

A: Lack of genetic diversity, making plants vulnerable to environmental changes.

35
Q

How does genetic engineering modify crops?

A

A: By altering their DNA to introduce desirable traits.

36
Q

What is a transgenic plant?

A

A: A plant that contains genes from another species.

37
Q

What are some applications of plant biotechnology?

A

A: Disease resistance, pest resistance, and improved nutritional content.

38
Q

What is the function of floral nectar?

A

A: To attract pollinators.

39
Q

What is pollination?

A

A: The transfer of pollen from anther to stigma.

40
Q

What is cross-pollination?

A

A: Pollination between flowers of different plants.

41
Q

What is self-pollination?

A

A: Pollination within the same flower or plant.

42
Q

What are pollination syndromes?

A

A: Traits in flowers adapted to specific pollinators.

43
Q

How are wind-pollinated flowers adapted?

A

A: They produce large amounts of lightweight pollen.

44
Q

What is a seed coat?

A

A: The protective outer layer of a seed.

45
Q

What is the primary purpose of genetic engineering in agriculture?

A

A: To enhance crop yield and resistance to environmental challenges.

46
Q

What does the term “genetically modified organism” (GMO) mean?

A

A: An organism whose genome has been altered in a lab.

47
Q

What are hybrid plants?

A

A: Plants produced by crossing two genetically distinct parents.

48
Q

How do plants disperse seeds?

A

A: Through wind, water, animals, or mechanical means.

49
Q

What is the significance of seed dormancy?

A

A: It allows seeds to survive unfavorable conditions and germinate later.

50
Q

What is the role of the style in a flower?

A

A: To connect the stigma to the ovary.

51
Q

How do angiosperms benefit ecosystems?

A

A: By providing food, oxygen, and habitats.

52
Q

What is the importance of studying the angiosperm life cycle?

A

A: It helps in understanding plant reproduction, agriculture, and biotechnology.

bio 101 exams practice (2 decks)

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