reproduction

Question 1

What are the key features of the angiosperm life cycle?

Answer 1

A: Flowers, double fertilization, and fruits are the key features.

Question 2

What is the function of male wasps interacting with the Mediterranean orchid Ophrys speculum?

Answer 2

A: The orchid uses mimicry to attract male wasps, which results in pollination.

Question 3

What are the four main floral organs?

Answer 3

A: Sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels.

Question 4

What does double fertilization in angiosperms involve?

Answer 4

A: Fusion of one sperm with the egg to form a zygote and another sperm with two polar nuclei to form the endosperm.

Question 5

What are the two types of angiosperm gametophytes?

Answer 5

A: Male gametophyte (pollen grain) and female gametophyte (embryo sac).

Question 6

What is the role of the receptacle in a flower?

Answer 6

A: It attaches floral organs to the stem.

Question 7

What is the function of the sepals?

Answer 7

A: To enclose and protect the unopened flower bud.

Question 8

How do petals aid in reproduction?

Answer 8

A: They attract pollinators with bright colors and scents.

Question 9

What are the two main parts of a stamen?

Answer 9

A: Filament and anther.

Question 10

What is produced in the anther?

Answer 10

A: Microsporangia (pollen sacs) that produce pollen.

Question 11

What are the components of a carpel?

Answer 11

A: Stigma, style, and ovary.

Question 12

What is the function of the stigma?

Answer 12

A: To capture pollen.

Question 13

What is housed in the ovary?

Answer 13

A: Ovules containing female gametophytes.

Question 14

What are complete flowers?

Answer 14

A: Flowers that have all four floral organs: sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels.

Question 15

What are incomplete flowers?

Answer 15

A: Flowers missing one or more floral organs.

Question 16

What type of flowers are unisexual?

Answer 16

A: Flowers lacking either stamens or carpels.

Question 17

What is an inflorescence?

Answer 17

A: A cluster of flowers arranged on a stem.

Question 18

What is the alternation of generations in plants?

Answer 18

A: A life cycle alternating between multicellular haploid (n) and diploid (2n) stages.

Question 19

What does the gametophyte

Answer 19

generation produce?
A: Gametes (sperm and eggs) by mitosis.

Question 20

What does the sporophyte generation produce?

Answer 20

A: Haploid spores by meiosis.

Question 21

What process follows the fusion of gametes?

Answer 21

A: Fertilization, resulting in a zygote.

Question 22

How do angiosperm gametophytes differ from other plants?

Answer 22

A: They are highly reduced in size and dependent on the sporophyte for nutrients.

Question 23

What are the “three Fs” of the angiosperm life cycle?

Answer 23

A: Flowers, double fertilization, and fruits.

Question 24

What structure develops into the fruit in angiosperms?

Answer 24

A: The ovary.

Question 25

What does the zygote develop into?

Answer 25

A: The embryo of the seed.

Question 26

What is the primary role of fruits in plants?

Answer 26

A: Protecting seeds and aiding in their dispersal.

Question 27

What is the function of pollen grains?

Answer 27

A: To deliver sperm cells to the ovule.

Question 28

What happens to the pollen grain on the stigma?

Answer 28

A: It germinates and grows a pollen tube down to the ovule.

Question 29

What is the embryo sac in angiosperms?

Answer 29

A: The female gametophyte within the ovule.

Question 30

What is the role of endosperm in seeds?

Answer 30

A: Providing nutrients to the developing embryo.

Question 31

What type of reproduction is common in angiosperms?

Answer 31

A: Sexual reproduction, although asexual reproduction also occurs.

Question 32

What is an example of a mutualistic relationship in flowers?

Answer 32

A: Flowers and their pollinators.

Question 33

What are the advantages of asexual reproduction in plants?

Answer 33

A: Produces genetically identical offspring, conserving advantageous traits.

Question 34

What are the disadvantages of asexual reproduction?

Answer 34

A: Lack of genetic diversity, making plants vulnerable to environmental changes.

Question 35

How does genetic engineering modify crops?

Answer 35

A: By altering their DNA to introduce desirable traits.

Question 36

What is a transgenic plant?

Answer 36

A: A plant that contains genes from another species.

Question 37

What are some applications of plant biotechnology?

Answer 37

A: Disease resistance, pest resistance, and improved nutritional content.

Question 38

What is the function of floral nectar?

Answer 38

A: To attract pollinators.

Question 39

What is pollination?

Answer 39

A: The transfer of pollen from anther to stigma.

Question 40

What is cross-pollination?

Answer 40

A: Pollination between flowers of different plants.

Question 41

What is self-pollination?

Answer 41

A: Pollination within the same flower or plant.

Question 42

What are pollination syndromes?

Answer 42

A: Traits in flowers adapted to specific pollinators.

Question 43

How are wind-pollinated flowers adapted?

Answer 43

A: They produce large amounts of lightweight pollen.

Question 44

What is a seed coat?

Answer 44

A: The protective outer layer of a seed.

Question 45

What is the primary purpose of genetic engineering in agriculture?

Answer 45

A: To enhance crop yield and resistance to environmental challenges.

Question 46

What does the term "genetically modified organism" (GMO) mean?

Answer 46

A: An organism whose genome has been altered in a lab.

Question 47

What are hybrid plants?

Answer 47

A: Plants produced by crossing two genetically distinct parents.

Question 48

How do plants disperse seeds?

Answer 48

A: Through wind, water, animals, or mechanical means.

Question 49

What is the significance of seed dormancy?

Answer 49

A: It allows seeds to survive unfavorable conditions and germinate later.

Question 50

What is the role of the style in a flower?

Answer 50

A: To connect the stigma to the ovary.

Question 51

How do angiosperms benefit ecosystems?

Answer 51

A: By providing food, oxygen, and habitats.

Question 52

What is the importance of studying the angiosperm life cycle?

Answer 52

A: It helps in understanding plant reproduction, agriculture, and biotechnology.