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Biology > reproduction > Flashcards

reproduction Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

gametes

A

haploid cells produced by the process of meiosis in the sex organs

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2
Q

reproduction

A

producing offspring within a species

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3
Q

advantages of sexual reproduction.

A

creates variation amongst offspring

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4
Q

adaptations of sperm

A

-flagellum so they can swim
-mitochondria so they can produce energy (ATP)
-haploid cells

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5
Q

adaptations of an egg

A

haploid cells

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6
Q

scrotum

A

sac to protect testes

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7
Q

penis

A

organ that carries sperm to the vagina

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8
Q

urethra

A

carries urine or fluid containing sperm down the penis

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9
Q

testes

A

production of sperm

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10
Q

prostate gland

A

produces secretions which carry the sperm

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11
Q

sperm duct

A

carrie’s sperm to the urethra

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12
Q

cervix

A

restricts opening of the uterus and widens during birth

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13
Q

ovary

A

produces eggs (ova)

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14
Q

vulva

A

allow entry of penis for fertilisation

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15
Q

oviduct

A

site of fertilisation carries ova to uterus

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16
Q

vagina

A

penis places sperm here during sexual intercourse

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17
Q

uterus

A

allows development of fertilised ovum and produces structures to help its growth

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18
Q

fertilisation

A

when the nucleus of sperm fuses with the nucleus of the egg to produce a diploid zygote

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19
Q

ovulation

A

the release of the egg from the ovaries

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20
Q

implantation

A

when the embryo enter the uterus it becomes embedded in the lining becomes attached and receives nourishment

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21
Q

zygote

A

a cell that’s produced when egg and sperm nuclei join at fertilisation

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22
Q

how the zygote changes as it moves down the oviduct towards the uterus

A

zygote divides by mitosis and grows into a ball of cells

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23
Q

zygote development

A

-after implantation in the uterus lining the ball of cells continues to divide but with differentiation meaning a variety of tissues is developed
-when the embryo develops in the uterus the placenta and umbilical cord form

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24
Q

how the embryo is protected in the uterus

A

-the protective membrane (amnion) which contains amniotic fluid which cushions the growing embryo

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25
Q

exchange at the placenta

A

a placenta and umbilical cord allow an exchange of material including nutrients diffusing from the mothers blood to foetal blood

26
Q

placenta

A

contains a rich supply of mothers blood vessels and is highly adapted (LSA and villi) for the exchange of substances between material and foetal blood

27
Q

umbilical cord

A

connect foetus and placenta contains umbilical artery and vein

28
Q

why’s it important that mother and foetus blood don’t mix

A

mothers white blood cells would attack the foetal red blood cells which could be very dangerous for the foetus

29
Q

how placenta is adapted for diffusion

A

-many folds and villi create a LSA for diffusion to occur
-good blood supply maintains the diffusion gradient so layers can be exchanged continuously
-capillaries that are one cell thick and close to foetus’ capillaries create a short diffusion distance which means rapid exchange of materials

30
Q

umbilical artery

A

carries waste products away from baby towards placenta eg carbon dioxide and urea

31
Q

umbilical vein

A

carries oxygen glucose and amino acids to baby from mothers blood

32
Q

contraception

A

method of preventing pregnancy

33
Q

mechanical contraception

A

male and female condoms

34
Q

how mechanical contraception works

A

prevent sperm entering woman
prevent sperm passing up through female reproductive system

35
Q

advantages of mechanical

A

easily obtains
prevent STIs

36
Q

disadvantages of mechanical

A

unreliable if not used properly

37
Q

chemical contraceptive

A

contraceptive pills
implants

38
Q

how chemical works

A

prevents ovaries releasing eggs by changes in hormone levels

39
Q

disadvantages of chemical

A

can cause side effects
have to be taken regularly or innefective
don’t protect from STIs

40
Q

surgical contraception

A

vasectomy
female fertilisation

41
Q

how surgical works

A

sperm tubes are cut to prevent sperm entering penis
oviducts are cut to prevent ova being fertilised

42
Q

disadvantage with surgical

A

don’t protect against STIs
cannot be reversed

43
Q

natural contraception

A

rhythm method

44
Q

how natural works

A

avoid having sex when ovulation occurs by tracking menstrual cycle

45
Q

disadvantages of natural

A

difficult to judge as some women have irregular menstrual cycles
don’t protect against STIs

46
Q

advantage of natural

A

requires no contraception so is more ethically acceptable for some ppl

47
Q

primary characteristic of sexual maturity

A

sperm production begins and ovulation begins

48
Q

male secondary sexual characteristics

A

body and pubic hair develop
body becomes muscular
voice deepens
sexual organs enlarge
sexual awareness and drive increases

49
Q

secondary sexual characteristics in females

A

menstruation begins
body and pubic hair develop
pelvis and hips widen
sexual organs enlarge and breast develop
sexual awareness and drive increases

50
Q

what hormones cause body change

A

testosterone and oestrogen

51
Q

what is menstruation

A

blood flows out of vagina due to uterus lining breaking down

52
Q

how long does cycle last

A

28 days

53
Q

oestrogen levels

A

high at middle of cycle
low at start of cycle

54
Q

progesterone levels

A

high during days following ovulation
low during ovulation

55
Q

effect of oestrogen

A

important in initial build up of uterine lining and causes release of egg

56
Q

effect of progesterone

A

builds up and maintains the thick uterine lining and subsequent development of placenta

57
Q

when does menstruation occur

A

day 1-5

58
Q

when does uterine wall repair

A

day 6-12

59
Q

when does ovulation occur

A

day 14

60
Q

when can sperm in oviducts cause fertilisation

A

day 13-15

Biology (7 decks)

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