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nervous system and hormones Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the similarities between the nervous and hormonal system?

A

They involve responses to stimulus
They produce a response

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2
Q

What are differences between the nervous system and the hormonal system?

A

-The nervous system carries an electrical signal and the hormone system carries a chemical signal
-The nervous system is a fast response. The hormonal system is a slow response.
-Signal carried by nerves in the nervous system and is carried by blood in the hormonal system

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3
Q

what is the function of the receptors?

A

Detect stimulus

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4
Q

what is the function of the coordinators?

A

Processes information

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5
Q

what is the function of the effectors?

A

Carry out a response

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6
Q

what is the definition of behaviour?

A

The overall response to our surrounding environment

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7
Q

describe voluntary actions

A

Actions that are not automatic they are deliberate and they are processed by the brain and are a conscious thought

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8
Q

describe involuntary actions

A

Actions that are automatic and fast paced and are not processed by the brain and they pass through the spinal cord

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9
Q

why are reflex actions so fast?

A

The length of the nerve pathway is short. There are a few short gaps between neurons called synapses these gaps slow nervous communication so that’s why there’s only two synapses in the reflex arc.

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10
Q

where do the neurons carry the information to?

A

-The sensory neuron carries information from receptor to association neuron and the spinal cord
-The association neuron joins the sensory and motor neuron enabling information to be passed on
-The motor neuron carries information from the association neuron in the spinal cord to the effector

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11
Q

how are neurons adapted to transporting signals quickly?

A
  1. Nucleus find in cell body surrounded by cytoplasm controls the neurons activities.
  2. The axon is extension of cytoplasm which can be put up to 1 m in length. This can send nerve impulses all throughout the body.
  3. The myelin sheath is a fatty layer surrounding the act which acts as an insulator to speed up the nerve impulses.
  4. The branched ends id the axon and the extension from the cell body allow the neuron to make junctions with other nerve cells.
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12
Q

how do synapses work?

A

-synapses act as junctions
-transmitter chemicals are released from vesicles and diffuse across the gap
-The transmitter chemical attaches to receptors on the other neurone
-If there is a higher enough concentration of the transmitter chemical at the next neurone this triggers an electrical impulse in this neurone

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13
Q

what is an advantage of a synapse?

A

More control of nerve impulses at synapse

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14
Q

what is a disadvantage of the synapse

A

They may slow transmission

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15
Q

what is the function of the iris?

A

Controls how much light enters the eye

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16
Q

what is the function of the conjunctiva?

A

Thin, transparent protective outer covering

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17
Q

what is the function of the lens?

A

refracts light

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18
Q

what is the function of the cornea

A

allows light to enter the eye and causes some refraction

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19
Q

what is the function of the retina

A

inner coat of eye where light sensitive cells are found

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20
Q

what is the function of the pupil

A

space in iris in which light passes through

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21
Q

what is the function of the optic nerve

A

contains neurones carrying information to the brain

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22
Q

what is the function of the aqueous humour

A

water liquid between cornea and iris that maintains the eyes and lens shape

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23
Q

what is the function of the vitreous humour

A

water liquid between lens and retina that maintains the eye and lens shape

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24
Q

what structures refract light as it passes to the retina

A

-cornea
-lens

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25
Q

describe what happens when the eye is focusing on a distant object

A

-ciliary muscle relaxes and gets bigger
- lens is pulled thin as the suspensory ligaments tighten and pull on the lens
-light rays are parallel
-less refraction is required

26
Q

describe what happens when the eye is focusing on a close up object

A

-light rays are divergent
-cilliary muscles contract and move in to form a tighter circle
-lens becomes thicker as the suspensory ligaments slacken, reducing pressure on the lens allowing it to go back to its original shape
-more refraction is required

27
Q

what does the cilliary muscle surround

A

the lens

28
Q

what are the cilliary muscles attached to

A

the suspensory ligaments

29
Q

what is homeostasis

A

maintaining a constant internal environment in response to internal or external change

30
Q

describe how the eye controls the amount of light entering

A

-dim light produces a large pupil to allow as much light as possible to enter the eye
-bright light produce a constricted pupil to restrict the amount of light entering the eye

31
Q

examples of homeostasis

A

-controlling water levels (osmoregulation)
-controlling blood glucose levels

32
Q

hormones role in homeostasis

A

hormones are chemical messages produced in the glands that release them into the blood that then travel to the target organ

33
Q

what does insulin do

A

prevents blood sugar levels from becoming too high

34
Q

how do the body monitor blood glucose levels

A

-glucose levels are monitored by the pancreas
-insulin is produced in the pancreas when blood glucose levels are high
-insulin travels to the liver in the blood
-liver converts excess glucose to glycogen
-this increases respiration using up glucose
-this then also increases the absorption of glucose from the blood
-when blood sugar levels are low insulin isn’t produced

35
Q

what happens to blood glucose levels after meals

A

they rise quickly then fall back to normal level

36
Q

what is diabetes

A

a condition where a person doesn’t produce enough insulin and can’t regulate their glucose levels causing glucose to build up in the bloodstream

37
Q

what are the symptoms of diabetes

A

-glucose in the urine which occurs because blood glucose levels are so high that some sugar is removed via the kidneys and passes into the urine
-person is thirsty and drink and pee a lot
-person may be very tired or lethargic

38
Q

how is diabetes controlled

A

-injections of insulin hormones
-a controlled diet that monitors carb intake

39
Q

why is insulin not taken in tablet form

A

it’s a hormone made or protein so it would be digested in the stomach by protease enzymes before having any effect

40
Q

what’s type 1 diabetes

A

diabetes that normally develops in childhood and is had for life

41
Q

what’s type 2 diabetes

A

diabetes that usually develops in older people and is often linked to obesity, poor diet and lack of exercise. insulin is still produced by pancreas but doesn’t work properly

42
Q

treatments for type 1 diabetes

A

-insulin injections
- controlled diet that monitors carb intake

43
Q

treatment for type 2 diabetes

A

-diet changes
-exercise along with medication
-maybe tablets or injections

44
Q

what is hypoglycaemia

A

when blood sugar levels are too low

45
Q

why might hypoglycaemia happen

A

-too much insulin is injected into the body
-not enough food is eaten at regular intervals

46
Q

effects of hypoglycaemia

A

-person will feel shaky and agitated, may become unconscious

47
Q

long term effects of diabetes

A

-eye damage (even blindness)
-heart disease
-strokes
-kidney damage

48
Q

what do kidneys do

A

removes waste from our bodies and carry out osmoregulation

49
Q

what is osmoregulation

A

the control of water in the blood and body fluids

50
Q

how does osmoregulation work

A

-blood enters each kidney via the renal artery
-reaches the cortex where the liquid part of the blood along with the soluble substances dissolved in it are filtered out of the blood
-water and other substances are reabsorbed back into the blood in the medulla
-excess water and dissolved substances pass into the urine via the renal pelvis
-urine passes down ureter into bladder and out through the urethra

51
Q

what causes an increases in water levels inside the body

A

-water in food and drink
-water produced in respiration

52
Q

what causes a decrease in water levels in the body

A

-water lost as sweat
-evaporation of water during breathing
-production of urine and faeces

53
Q

what does ADH do

A

controls the reabsorption of water back into the blood in the kidneys

54
Q

where’s ADH released from

A

The section in the brain that monitors water levels in the blood

55
Q

where does ADH travel

A

from the brain to the kidneys via the blood

56
Q

effect of ADH on water in the urine

A

More ADH = less water in urine
Less ADH = more water in urine

57
Q

what do plants respond to

A

-water
-light
-gravity

58
Q

what is phototropism

A

a plants response to light

59
Q

what’s the purpose of phototropism

A

it ensures that plants receive as much light as possible

60
Q

describe phototropism

A

-plant cells produce auxin in the shoot tip
-when stem is illuminated from one side the hormone collects in the shaded side
-auxin diffuses down the shoot tip
-the hormone causes the cells to elongate
-shaded side grows faster than the illuminated side and the difference in growth between each side causes the plant to bend

Biology (6 decks)

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